Amusic school is an educationalinstitution specialized in the study, training, and research ofmusic. Such an institution can also be known as aschool of music,music academy,music faculty,college of music,music department (of a larger institution),conservatory,conservatorium orconservatoire (/kənˈsɜːrvətwɑːr/kən-SER-və-twar,French:[kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ]). Instruction consists of training in the performance ofmusical instruments, singing,musical composition, conducting,musicianship, as well as academic and research fields such asmusicology,music history andmusic theory.
Music instruction can be provided within the compulsory general education system, or within specialized children's music schools such as thePurcell School. Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools. In VenezuelaEl Sistema of youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools callednúcleos.
The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such asschool of music, such as theEastman School of Music of theUniversity of Rochester;music academy, like theSibelius Academy or theRoyal Academy of Music, London;music faculty as the Don Wright Faculty of Music of theUniversity of Western Ontario;college of music, characterized by theRoyal College of Music and theBerklee College of Music;music department, like the Department of Music at theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz; or the termconservatory, exemplified by theConservatoire de Paris and theNew England Conservatory. In other parts of Europe, the equivalents ofhigher school of music oruniversity of music may be used, such as theHochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln (Cologne University of Music).
Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history is speculative.[1] Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but theTorah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, byI Samuel 10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that the prophetSamuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians.[2]
Theschola cantorum (papal choir) in Rome may be the first recorded music school in history, whenGregory the Great (540–604) made permanent an existing guild dating from the 4th century (schola originally referred more to a guild rather than school). The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys.[3]Wells Cathedral School, England, founded as a Cathedral School in 909 AD to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists.[4]
Saint Martial school, 10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at theAbbey of Saint Martial,Limoges. It is known for the composition oftropes,sequences, and earlyorganum. In this respect, it was an important precursor to theNotre Dame School.[5] The Notre Dame school (late 12th and early 13th century) developed the earliest repertory ofpolyphonic music to gain international circulation.[6] First records on the SpanishEscolania de Montserrat, a boys' choir linked to a music school, date back to 1307.
TheAccademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the AuditoriumParco della Musica inRome, and was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming the body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra).
The termconservatory has its origin in 16th-centuryRenaissance Italy, where orphanages (conservatori) were attached to hospitals. The orphans (conservati 'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools.[7][8] These hospitals-conservatories were among the first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers.[9]
In the city ofNaples, aconservatorio was strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. There were already fourconservatories in Naples active in the 16th and 18th century:
It is in these very institutions that the so-calledScuola Musicale Napoletana was developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators likeAlessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) andFrancesco Durante (1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher.
ThePalermo Conservatory was founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin.
It was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, includingParis (1795),Bologna (1804),Milan (1807),Warsaw (1810),Florence andPrague (1811),Vienna (1821), London (1822), the Hague (1826),Liège (1827); a bit later two conservatories were founded in Russia by Rubinstein brothers – Anton inSaint Petersburg (1862) and Nikolai inMoscow (1866). The second half of the 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro (1847), Boston (1853), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Havana (1885), and Buenos Aires (1893). Establishments for advanced training in music were organized in the 1940s in several Asian and African countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, and Kenya.[9]
To this extent, projects likeEl Sistema are more in line with the tradition set in Italy (where tuition at conservatories remains still free) than in an English-speaking country, where students have a very selective access tobursaries (see theRoyal Academy of Music or theRoyal College of Music in the UK).
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Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music.[11] These schools may be formally[12] or informally attached to a conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental[13] or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers.
Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover theperforming arts: music, drama, dance.[14]
Many music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include:
Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to the specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school.[15]
Many public or independent schools containmusic departments, some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools.Music Colleges in England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to the host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement.[16] Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology.
Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities.
Many conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age.[17] Typically the curriculum includes individual lesson(s), orchestra,chamber music,theory,musicianship,composition andmusic technology. Classes are usually held on a Saturday and children attend normal schools during the week.
Non-governmental[18] or private[19] schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations.
A conservatory of music may also be known in English asconservatoire (chiefly in the UK[20]),conservatorium (in Australia[21][22]),academy orcollege. Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music.[23] Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance.[24] Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering a career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components.
Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public.This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such asChinese instruments.[25] Others may have departments fortraditional music which includes both traditional and classical instruments, for examplebagpipes alongside thefiddle.[26] Alternatively, students can focus onjazz,world music or pop music.[27]
The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for aBachelor of Music degree, 1–2 years for aMaster of Music degree, and 3–5 years for aDoctor of Musical Arts orDoctor of Music Degree. A PhD degree can be gained for areas such asmusicology,music theory,music composition,music education, ormusic therapy. Some schools may offer a non-academic degree that is solely performance based, such as the (United States) A.D. or Artist Diploma; this may be offered at the undergraduate and/or graduate level.
University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in the past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another.Some countries separately define their institutions between university status andvocational university status, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as a Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities[28]
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