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Conservative liberalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement
This article is about the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement. For conservatism influenced by liberalism, seeLiberal conservatism.
This article may be written in a style that istoo abstract to be readily understandable bygeneral audiences. Pleaseimprove it by using words and phrases that have precise, specific meanings within a particular field, as well as by adding examples.(August 2016)

Part ofa series on
Liberalism
Part ofa series on
Conservatism

Conservative liberalism, also referred to asright-liberalism,[1][page needed][2] is a variant ofliberalism combining liberal values and policies withconservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.[3] In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a less radical variant ofclassical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism andsocial liberalism.[4][5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combineeconomically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[specify][6]Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, Canadian, French, Italian, and American manifestations.[7]

In general,liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically,liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements ofclassical liberalism, andconservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support alaissez-faire economy as well associally conservative principles. Since conservatives gradually accepted classical liberal institutions, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.[8]Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[9] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism andnational liberalism.[10][11]

Overview

[edit]
Alexis de Tocqueville had a major influence on the modern philosophy of conservative liberalism.

Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-centuryFrance and theUnited Kingdom, when the moderatebourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively,Doctrinaires, which existed during theBourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.[12] Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to asclassical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals.Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from theRadicals (radical liberalism).[13]

Raymond Aron is known asJean-Paul Sartre's "great intellectual opponent".[14]

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor atColgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e.social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such asclassical philosophy (with its ideas ofvirtue, thecommon good, andnatural rights),Christianity (with its ideas ofnatural law, the social nature of man, andoriginal sin), and ancient institutions (such ascommon law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means followingSocrates,Plato,Aristotle,St. Augustine, St.Thomas Aquinas, andEdmund Burke rather thanLocke orKant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of theGreekpolis, theRoman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge thatclassical andmedieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst ofmass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."[15]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused withliberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.[6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of thehistory of liberalism. Until the twoworld wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such asWorld War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version ofclassical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[16] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secularconservative party and where theseparation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties wereChristian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.[3]

Political stance

[edit]
Wilhelm Röpke was representative ofordoliberalism.

Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.[17] Conservative liberalism, along withsocial liberalism andclassical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.[5] While there are conservative liberals who are located on theright-wing political position, conservative liberalism is often used to describe liberalism close to thepolitical centre to thecentre-right of thepolitical spectrum.[18][19]

Social, classical and conservative liberalism

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Social liberalism is a combination of economicKeynesianism andcultural liberalism. Classical liberalism iseconomic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In theUnited States, conservative liberals meande facto classical liberals;[20] in Europe,Christian democrats andordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supportsfree markets, such as Röpke.[21]

By country

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France

[edit]

Alexis de Tocqueville andAdolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.[22][23] They were classified ascentre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during theJuly Monarchy alone;[24][25] after theFrench Revolution of 1848, the nowFrench Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.[citation needed]

Germany

[edit]

BeforeWorld War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (German:Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense tonational-liberalism (German:Nationalliberalismus).National Liberal Party during theGerman Empire andGerman People's Party during theWeimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.[citation needed] According to theGerman Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined theCDU, aliberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used inGermany.[citation needed]

Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion ofsocial justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on thesocial market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.[21]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In the United Kingdom,David Hume,Adam Smith, andEdmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.[26]

United States

[edit]
Part ofa series on
Liberalism
in the United States

In the United States,liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to asconservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to asconservatives in the United States.Milton Friedman andIrving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.[20][27] Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.[28] In general, rather than theDemocratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, theRepublican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.[29] In the case of the Democratic Party, theBlue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,[30] and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.[31] Conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland'sCentre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.[32]

Americanneoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according toPeter Lawler, a professor atBerry College, who argued:

[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.[33]

Notable thinkers

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List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions

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Current parties

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Historical parties

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See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The LDP was described as aliberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as aliberal-conservative before theSecond Abe Cabinet. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations toultranationalism andneo-fascism. Major LDP members are linked to the far-rightNippon Kaigi.[67][68]

References

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  1. ^Nelson, Keith L. (2019).The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam.Johns Hopkins University Press.ISBN 978-1421436210.... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).
  2. ^Orlowski, Paul (21 June 2011).Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century.Springer Science+Business Media. p. 110.ISBN 978-9400714182.This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.
  3. ^abcdefghijklMair, Peter;Gallagher, Michael; Laver, Michael (2001).Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties, and Governments (3rd ed.).McGraw Hill Education. p. 221.ISBN 0072322675. Retrieved22 March 2025.Within the first strand, an emphasis on individual rights has led to a concern for fis- cal rectitude and opposition to all but minimal state intervention in the economy. This right-wing strand of liberalism has been particularly important in Austria, where the Freedom party used to be regarded as the most rightist of European liberal parties, but is now better grouped with the extreme right (we discuss this later in this chapter). The right-wing strand is also important in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, and this is the position toward which the Progressive Democrats in Ireland have now gravitated. Thus, this brand of liberalism has tended to emerge in countries that are also characterized by strong Christian democratic parties and hence where the anticlerical component of liberalism was once important. Indeed, anticlericalism in these countries has two distinct forms, being represented on the left by socialist and/or communist parties and on the right by secular liberal parties.
  4. ^Allen, R. T.Beyond Liberalism: The Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Michael Polanyi. Transaction Publishers. p. 2.ISBN 978-1-4128-1807-0.
  5. ^abEmilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019).Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 326.
  6. ^ab"Content".Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020. Retrieved23 June 2023.Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.
  7. ^Kenneth Dyson (2021)."Introduction". In Kenneth Dyson (ed.).Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press. p. 5.ISBN 978-0-19-885428-9.
  8. ^Johnston, Larry (2007).Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. 154–155.ISBN 978-1442600409.
  9. ^Roger Scruton."Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 October 2017. Retrieved21 October 2017.
  10. ^Telos. Telos Press. 1998. p. 72.
  11. ^Shannan Lorraine Mattiace, ed. (1998).Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996. University of Texas at Austin.
  12. ^Robert Tombs, ed. (2014).France 1814–1914.Routledge.ISBN 978-1317871439.... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...
  13. ^Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013).In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott. Imprint Academic. p. 14.ISBN 9781845404680.... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...
  14. ^The New York Times Book Review. New York Times Company. 1986. p. 1.ISBN 978-1317755098.... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ...
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  17. ^Hans Slomp, ed. (2011).Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1.ABC-CLIO. p. 107.ISBN 978-0313391811.Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism.
  18. ^Immanuel Wallerstein, ed. (2011).The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. University of California Press.
  19. ^abcEmilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019).Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. pp. 338–339.
  20. ^abcDavid Cayla, ed. (2021).Populism and Neoliberalism.Routledge. p. 62.ISBN 978-1000366709.He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism.
  21. ^abcdeKenneth Dyson, ed. (2021).Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press.
  22. ^abMartin Fitzpatrick; Peter Jones, eds. (2017).The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 978-1350012554.... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ...
  23. ^abAndrew Cleveland Gould, ed. (1992).Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815–1914. University of California. p. 82.Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ...
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  25. ^Agulhon, Maurice (1983).The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
  26. ^abcdKlein, Daniel B. (1 March 2021)."Conservative liberalism: Hume, Smith, and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives".Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.183:861–873.doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.021.ISSN 0167-2681.S2CID 233880111.
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  28. ^Adams, Ian (2001).Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.ISBN 978-0719060205.
  29. ^Slomp 2011, p. 107.
  30. ^Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities. Brill. 2020. p. 93.ISBN 978-9004432864.It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat").
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