When two objects always appear close to theecliptic—such as twoplanets, theMoon and a planet, or theSun and a planet—this fact implies an apparent close approach between the objects as seen in the sky. A related word,appulse, is the minimum apparent separation in the sky of two astronomical objects.[3]
Conjunctions involve either two objects in theSolar System or one object in the Solar System and a more distant object, such as astar. A conjunction is an apparent phenomenon caused by the observer'sperspective: the two objects involved are not actually close to one another inspace. Conjunctions between two bright objects close to the ecliptic, such as two bright planets, can be seen with thenaked eye.
A conjunction of Mars and Jupiter in the morning of 1 May 2011, when, about an hour before sunrise, five of the Solar System's eight planets and the Moon could be seen fromCerro Paranal, Chile.[5]
More generally, in the particular case of twoplanets, it means that they merely have the sameright ascension (and hence the samehour angle). This is called conjunction in right ascension. However, there is also the term conjunction in ecliptic longitude. At such conjunction both objects have the same ecliptic longitude. Conjunction in right ascension and conjunction in ecliptic longitude do not normally take place at the same time, but in most cases nearly at the same time. However, attriple conjunctions, it is possible that a conjunction only in right ascension (or ecliptic length) occurs. At the time of conjunction – it does not matter if in right ascension or in ecliptic longitude – the involved planets are close together upon thecelestial sphere. In the vast majority of such cases, one of the planets will appear to pass north or south of the other.
However, if two celestial bodies attain the samedeclination (or ecliptic latitude) at the time of a conjunction then the one that is closer to the Earth will pass in front of the other. If one object moves into the shadow of another, the event is aneclipse. For example, the Moon passing through the shadow of Earth is called alunar eclipse. If the visible disk of the nearer object is considerably smaller than that of the farther object, the event is called atransit, such as atransit of Mercury or atransit of Venus across the sun. When the nearer object appears larger than the farther one, it will completely obscure its smaller companion; this is called anoccultation. An example of an occultation is when the Moon is relatively near and therefore large and passes between Earth and the Sun, causing the Sun to disappear entirely (a totalsolar eclipse). Occultations in which the larger body is neither the Sun nor the Moon are very rare. More frequent, however, is an occultation of a planet by theMoon. Several such events are visible every year from various places on Earth.
A conjunction, as a phenomenon of perspective, is an event that involves two astronomical bodies seen by an observer on the Earth. Times and details depend only very slightly on the observer's location on the Earth's surface, with the differences being greatest for conjunctions involving the Moon because of its relative closeness, but even for the Moon the time of a conjunction never differs by more than a few hours.
A planet is said to besuperior to another if it is farther from the sun. As seen from a superior planet, if aninferior planet is on the opposite side of the Sun, it is insuperior conjunction, and ininferior conjunction if on the same side of the Sun. In an inferior conjunction, the superior planet is "inopposition" to the Sun as seen from the inferior planet.
The terms "inferior conjunction" and "superior conjunction" are used in particular for the planetsMercury andVenus, which are inferior planets as seen from Earth. However, this definition can be applied to any pair of planets, as seen from the one farther from the Sun.
A planet (orasteroid orcomet) is simply said to be in conjunction, when it is in conjunction with theSun, as seen from Earth. TheMoon is in conjunction with the Sun atNew Moon.
Conjunctions between two planets can be single,triple, or even quintuple. Quintuple conjunctions involve Mercury, because it moves rapidly east and west of the sun, in asynodic cycle just 116 days in length. An example will occur in 2048, when Venus, moving eastward behind the Sun, encounters Mercury five times (February 16, March 16, May 27, August 13, and September 5).[6]
There is also a so-called quasiconjunction, when a planet inretrograde motion — always eitherMercury orVenus, from the point of view ofthe Earth — will "drop back" in right ascension until it almost allows another planet to overtake it, but then the former planet will resume its forward motion and thereafter appear to draw away from it again. This will occur in the morning sky, before dawn. The reverse may happen in the evening sky after dusk, with Mercury or Venus entering retrograde motion just as it is about to overtake another planet (often Mercuryand Venus areboth of the planets involved, and when this situation arises they may remain in very close visual proximity for several days or even longer). The quasiconjunction is reckoned as occurring at the time the distance in right ascension between the two planets is smallest, even though, when declination is taken into account, they may appear closer together shortly before or after this.
The interval between two conjunctions involving the same two planets is not constant, but the average interval between two similar conjunctions can be calculated from the periods of the planets. The "speed" at which a planet goes around the Sun, in terms of revolutions per time, is given by the inverse of its period, and the speed difference between two planets is the difference between these. For conjunctions of two planets beyond the orbit of Earth, the average time interval between two conjunctions is the time it takes for 360° to be covered by that speed difference, so the average interval is:
This does not apply of course to the intervals between the individual conjunctions of atriple conjunction.
Conjunctions between a planet inside the orbit of Earth (Venus or Mercury) and a planet outside are a bit more complicated. As the outer planet swings around from being in opposition to the Sun to being east of the Sun, then in superior conjunction with the Sun, then west of the Sun, and back to opposition, it will be in conjunction with Venus or Mercury an odd number of times. So the average interval between, say, the first conjunction of one set and the first of the next set will be equal to the average interval between its oppositions with the Sun. Conjunctions between Mercury and Mars are usually triple, and those between Mercury and planets beyond Mars may also be. Conjunctions between Venus and the planets beyond Earth may be single or triple.
As for conjunctions between Mercury and Venus, each time Venus goes from maximumelongation to the east of the Sun to maximum elongation west of the Sun and then back to east of the Sun (a so-calledsynodic cycle of Venus), an even number of conjunctions with Mercury take place. There are usually four, but sometimes just two,[7] and sometimes six, as in the cycle mentioned above with a quintuple conjunction as Venus moves eastward, preceded by a singlet on August 6, 2047, as Venus moves westward.[6] The average interval between corresponding conjunctions (for example the first of one set and the first of the next) is 1.599 years (583.9 days), based on the orbital speeds of Venus and Earth, but arbitrary conjunctions occur at least twice this often. The synodic cycle of Venus (1.599 years) is close to five times as long as that of Mercury (0.317 years). When they are in phase and move between the Sun and the Earth at the same time they remain close together in the sky for weeks.
The following table gives these average intervals, between corresponding conjunctions, inJulian years of 365.25 days, for combinations of the nine traditional planets.[8] Conjunctions with the Sun are also included. SincePluto is in resonance withNeptune the period used is 1.5 times that of Neptune, slightly different from the current value. The interval is then exactly thrice the period of Neptune.
A conjunction in which three or more planets simultaneously have the same longitude willalmost surely never happen, but because the ratios of thesynodic cycles are not rational numbers, this situation can be approached arbitrarily closely. In 1953 BC Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were all in a longitude range of 4.3° (see below). The graph below shows the standard deviation of the differences between the ecliptic longitudes of the five naked-eye planets (not including Uranus) and that of the sun, showing times when these five planets were fairly close together. In 1961 and again in 1997Jean Meeus found several such groupings over the millennia.[9][10]
Standard deviation of ecliptic longitudes of the five classical planets, from 2000 BC through AD 2200.
Since three planets having the same longitude and the same latitude involves four equations (equating longitude and latitude of the second and third planets to those of the first) and four variables (the positions of the earth and the three other planets in their orbits), it is in principle possible to have three planets perfectly lined up. In reality this will almost surely never happen, but is approached arbitrarily closely given enough time. But by the same token, a perfect alignment of four planets as seen from Earth is not possible (there are six equations to be solved but only five variables) unless the Solar System is very special.
As explained above, each planet has a synodic period, the average period between two moments when the planet comes back to any given point in its synodic trajectory, that is, when its longitude around the sun compared to that of the earth attains a given value. Although it does not happen that two planets come back to their starting points in their synodic trajectories at the same time, there are intervals of time after which this almost happens. The more planets are included, the more difficult it is for them all to return close to their points of origin relative to the earth, as seen in the following table of examples involving all five naked-eye planets. The numbers of cycles executed by each planet in the interval is expressed as a whole number plus or minus a fraction, and the column "Maximum error" gives the maximum of the fractional parts, which is attained by two of the planets (except in the case of 1768.068 years). Even in the interval of around 4249 years, this error is more than 0.012 cycles, equivalent to about 4°.
Numbers of synodic cycles of the planets in certain intervals
Julian years
Maximum error
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
38.351
0.117
121-0.117
24-0.011
18-0.040
35+0.117
37+0.048
62.167
0.113
196-0.046
39-0.113
29+0.113
57-0.075
60+0.056
140.832
0.092
444-0.092
88+0.092
66-0.047
129-0.043
136+0.049
1291.853
0.073
4072-0.019
808+0.073
605-0.013
1183-0.073
1248-0.021
1768.068
0.052
5573+0.015
1106-0.052
828+0.000
1619-0.016
1708+0.016
1768.078
0.046
5573+0.046
1106-0.046
828+0.004
1619-0.007
1708+0.025
4249.317
0.013
13394+0.000
2658+0.000
1990-0.013
3891+0.013
4105-0.012
Similar intervals can be found involving fewer planets. Note that about four days before the end of the 1768.078-year interval, namely at 1768.068 years, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn all come within 6° of finishing whole numbers of synodic cycles at the same time. This corresponds to 89great conjunctions (conjunctions between Jupiter and Saturn). At the end of the 4249-year interval (equivalent to 214 great conjunctions), these three planets are all around 0.013 from whole numbers of cycles, corresponding to 4°.
Note that these intervals are not periods or cycles – after a second interval, the plants will be twice as far from their original positions as after one interval.
Meeting of all five bright planets on February 27, 1953, BC, for an observer at 50N 9E at 7 CET
On February 27, 1953 BC, Mercury, Venus, Mars and Saturn formed a group with an angular diameter of 26.45 arc minutes. On the same day, Jupiter was only a few degrees away, so that on this day all five bright planets could be found in an area measuring only 4.33 degrees. This was described by David Pankenier in 1984[11] and later by Kevin Pang.[12][13]They, as well asDavid Nivison[14] have suggested that this conjunction occurred at the beginning of theXia dynasty in China.[15][16][17]
In 1576 BC, at the time of the founding of theShang dynasty, Chinese records say that "the five planets moved in criss-cross fashion".[16] In early November, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn were together in the evening sky, with Mercury and Venus crossing Jupiter and Saturn, and in mid-December Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn joined Mars in the morning sky, with Mars crossing Jupiter and Saturn, and Mercury crossing them twice, westward and then eastward.
Another five-planet conjunction occurred in 1059 BC and is mentioned in the Chinese "Bamboo Annals", though Nivison says that the Bamboo Annals moved the date one orbit of Jupiter earlier for political reasons.[18]
Conjunction of Mars and Jupiter on July 4, 929, for an observer at 50N 9E at 23 CET. Both planets reached nearly their greatest possible brightness
A triple conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred. At the first conjunction on May 26, 929, Mars, whose brightness was −1.8 mag, stood 3.1 degrees south of Jupiter with a brightness of −2.6 mag. The second conjunction took place on July 4, 929, whereby Mars stood 5.7 degrees south of Jupiter. Both planets were −2.8 mag bright. On August 18, 929, the −1.9 mag bright Mars stood 4.7 degrees south of Jupiter, which was −2.6 mag bright.
View on Supernova 1054 and the Moon on July 5, 1054, for an observer at 50N 9E at 3:15 CET
On July 5, 1054 asupernova brighter thanVenus appeared in the eastern part of constellation Taurus in the proximity of the waning crescent Moon. The exact geocentric conjunction in right ascension took place at 07:58 UTC on this day with an angular separation of 3 degrees. It was perhaps the brightest star-like object in recorded history.[citation needed] The event is possibly shown on two petroglyphs in Arizona.
On March 4, 1345, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were very close together, at the same time as a solar eclipse.Guy de Chauliac blamed theBlack Death on this event.[19]
Mars, Jupiter and Saturn in the constellation Gemini on December 26, 1503
Between December 22, 1503, and December 27, 1503, all three bright outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn reached their opposition to the Sun and stood therefore close together at the nocturnal sky. During the opposition period 1503 Mars stood 3 times in conjunction with Jupiter (October 5, 1503, January 19, 1504, and February 8, 1504) and 3 times in conjunction with Saturn (October 14, 1503, December 26, 1503, and March 7, 1504). Jupiter and Saturn stood on May 24, 1504, in close conjunction with an angular separation of 19 arcminutes.
View on Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Kepler's Supernova on October 9, 1604, for an observer at 50N 9E at 19 CET
On October 9, 1604, a conjunction between Mars and Jupiter took place, whereby Mars passed Jupiter 1.8 degrees southward. Only two degrees away from JupiterKepler's Supernova appeared on the same day. This was perhaps the only time in recorded history a supernova took place near a conjunction of two planets. Saturn passed Kepler's Supernova on December 12, 1604 33 arc minutes southly, which was however unobservable as the elongation to the sun was just 3.1 degrees. On December 24, 1604 Mercury stood in conjunction with Kepler's Supernova, whereby it was 1.8 degrees south of it. As the elongation of this event to the sun was 15 degree, it was in principle observable. On January 20, 1605 Venus passed Kepler's Supernova 29 arc minutes northwards at an elongation of 43.1 degrees to the sun.
In early December 1899 the Sun and the naked-eye planets appeared to lie within a band 35 degrees wide along the ecliptic as seen from the Earth. As a consequence, over the period 1–4 December 1899, the Moon reached conjunction with, in order, Jupiter, Uranus, the Sun, Mercury, Mars, Saturn and Venus. Most of these conjunctions were not visible because of the glare of the Sun.
Over the period 4–6 February 1962, in a rare series of events, Mercury and Venus reached conjunction as observed from the Earth, followed by Venus and Jupiter, then by Mars and Saturn. Conjunctions took place between the Moon and, in turn, Mars, Saturn, the Sun, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter. Mercury also reached inferior conjunction with the Sun. The conjunction between the Moon and the Sun atnew Moon produced a total solar eclipse visible in Indonesia and the Pacific Ocean,[20]when these five naked-eye planets were visible in the vicinity of the Sun in the sky.
Mercury,Venus andMars separately reached conjunction with each other, and each separately with the Sun, within a 7-day period in August 1987 as seen from the Earth. The Moon also reached conjunction with each of these bodies on 24 August. However, none of these conjunctions were observable due to the glare of the Sun.[21]
In May 2000, in a very rare event, several planets lay in the vicinity of the Sun in the sky as seen from the Earth, and a series of conjunctions took place. Jupiter, Mercury and Saturn each reached conjunction with the Sun in the period 8–10 May. These three planets in turn were in conjunction with each other and with Venus over a period of a few weeks. However, most of these conjunctions were not visible from the Earth because of the glare from the Sun.[21] NASA referred to May 5 as the date of the conjunction.[22]
Venus, Mars and Saturn appeared close together in the evening sky in early May 2002, with a conjunction of Mars and Saturn occurring on 4 May. This was followed by a conjunction of Venus and Saturn on 7 May, and another of Venus and Mars on 10 May when their angular separation was only 18 arcminutes. A series of conjunctions between the Moon and, in order, Saturn, Mars and Venus took place on 14 May, although it was not possible to observe all these in darkness from any single location on the Earth.[21]
A conjunction of the Moon and Mars took place on 24 December 2007, very close to the time of the full Moon and at the time when Mars was at opposition to the Sun. Mars and the full Moon appeared close together in the sky worldwide, with an occultation of Mars occurring for observers in some far northern locations.[23]A similar conjunction took place on 21 May 2016 and on 8 December 2022.
Conjunction of Venus (left) and Jupiter (bottom), with the nearby crescent Moon, seen fromSão Paulo,Brazil, on 1 December 2008
Conjunction of the Moon, Venus, and Jupiter, seen fromQuzhou,China on 1 December 2008.
A conjunction ofVenus andJupiter occurred on 1 December 2008, and several hours later both planets separately reached conjunction with the crescentMoon.[24] Anoccultation of Venus by the Moon was visible from some locations.[25] The three objects appeared close together in the sky from any location on the Earth.
Moon, Jupiter (top), and Venus (right) at dusk seen fromMadrid,Spain, on 20 June 2015
Venus–Jupiter conjunction of June 30, 2015
June 30 –Venus andJupiter come close together in a planetary conjunction; they came approximately 1/3 a degree apart. The conjunction had been nicknamed the "Star of Bethlehem."[26]
On the morning of January 9,Venus andSaturn came together in a conjunction[27]
On August 27,Mercury andVenus were in conjunction, followed by a conjunction ofVenus andJupiter, meaning that the three planets were very close together in the evening sky.
Talitha Borealis in conjunction with the cometC/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) on 18 July 2020 21:30 UTC with an attitude von 17° above the north horizon ofBerlin (image height = 4°). At the lower edge of the picture, a bit left from the centre there is the neighbour starAlkaphrah (Kappa Ursae Majoris respectivelyTalitha Australis). The distance between Talitha Borealis and C/2020 F3 was sevenarc minutes.
During most of February, March, and April, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were close to each other, and so they underwent a series of conjunctions: on March 20, Mars was in conjunction with Jupiter, and on March 31, Mars was in conjunction with Saturn.On December 21, Jupiter and Saturn appeared at their closest separation in the sky since 1623, in an event known as agreat conjunction.
Conjunction of Sirius and Pallas (marked with an arrow) on October 9, 2022, photographed with anobjective with afocal length of 75 millimetres
Conjunction of Sirius and Pallas (marked with an arrow) on October 9, 2022, photographed with anobjective with afocal length of 300 millimetres
Venus and Jupiter on 1 March 2023 fromSouth Africa
PlanetoidPallas passedSirius, the brightest star in the night sky, on October 9 to the south at a distance of 8.5 arcminutes (source: Astrolutz 2022, ISBN 978-3-7534-7124-2). As Sirius is far south of the ecliptic only few objects of the solar system can be seen from earth close to Sirius. At this occasion Pallas had not only the lowest angular distance to Sirius in the 21st century, but also since its discovery in 1802. In the 19th century the greatest approach of Pallas and Sirius took place on October 11, 1879, when 8.6 mag bright Pallas passed Sirius 1.3° southwest and in the 20th century the lowest distance between Pallas and Sirius was reached on October 12, 1962, when Pallas, whose brightness was also 8.6 mag, stood 1.4° southwest of the brightest star in the sky.
Conjunction of Saturn with Neptune on June 29, 2025. At this conjunction Neptune stood 59.3 arc minutes north of SaturnConjunction of Saturn with Neptune on August 6, 2025. At this conjunction Neptune stood 1.14 degrees north of Saturn
On June 29, 2025 there was the first conjunction of Saturn with Neptune with angular distance of 59.3 arc minutes. The second conjunction of this triple conjunction will be on August 6, 2025 whereby Saturn is 1.14 degrees south of Neptune.The third and last conjunction of this triple will take place on February 16, 2026. On this day Saturn stands 54.7 arc minutes south of Neptune.After 2026 the next conjunction between Saturn and Neptune will be on June 7, 2061.
^Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office and United States Naval Observatory (2012)."Conjunction".Glossary, The Astronomical Almanac Online. Archived fromthe original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved2012-07-08.
^Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office and United States Naval Observatory (2012)."Appulse".Glossary, The Astronomical Almanac Online. Archived fromthe original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved2012-07-08.
^The periods are calculated from the "mean mean motions" given bySimon, J. L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touze, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets".Astronomy and Astrophysics.282: 663.Bibcode:1994A&A...282..663S.
^Kevin D. Pang (Dec 1987). "Extraordinary floods in early Chinese history and their absolute dates".Journal of Hydrology.doi:10.1016/0022-1694(87)90149-1.
^Horrox, Rosemary.The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994.ISBN978-0-7190-3498-5 pg.104–105
^Espenak, Fred (2004)."Total Solar Eclipse of 1962 Feb 05"(GIF image file).NASA Eclipse Web Site. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved12 June 2013.
^abcMeeus, Jean (1983), "Chapter 1, Planetary Phenomena, 1976–2005",Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets (1 ed.), Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, Inc., pp. 1.1 –1.35,ISBN0-943396-02-6
^Paulson, Murray D. (2007). "Mars: The 2007 Opposition".Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.101 (6). Royal Astronomical Society of Canada:242–245.Bibcode:2007JRASC.101..242P.
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