A completely deaf, solid white, blue-eyed catA deaf white cat with yellow eyesThis engraving depicts two cats on a wall with a dog barking below them. The spotted cat hisses at the dog while the deaf white cat dozes, unaware of the barking.
Congenital sensorineural deafness occurs commonly in domesticcats with a white coat. It is acongenital deafness caused by a degeneration of theinner ear.[1] Deafness is far more common in white cats than in those with other coat colours.
Domesticated cats with blue eyes and white coats are often completely deaf.[2]Charles Darwin mentions this phenomenon in his book,On the Origin of Species, to explain correlated variation.[3] Deafness can occur in white cats with yellow, green or blue irises, although it is mostly likely in white cats with blue irises.[4] In white cats with one blue eye and one eye of a different color (odd-eyed cats), deafness is more likely to affect the ear on the blue-eyed side.[1] Approximately 50% of white cats have one or two blue eyes.[5]
According to theASPCA Complete Guide to Cats, "17 to 20 percent of white cats with non-blue eyes are deaf; 40 percent of "odd-eyed" white cats with one blue eye are deaf; and 65 to 85 percent of blue-eyed white cats are deaf."[6]
In one 1997 study of white cats, 72% of the animals were found to be totally deaf. The entireorgan of Corti in thecochlea was found to have degenerated in the first few weeks after birth; however, even during these weeks no brain stem responses could be evoked by auditory stimuli, suggesting that these animals had never experienced any auditory sensations. It was found that some months after the organ of Corti had degenerated, thespiral ganglion of the cochlea also began to degenerate.[7]
Although few studies have been done to link this to genes known to be involved in humanWaardenburg syndrome, a syndrome of hearing loss and depigmentation caused by a genetic disruption toneural crest cell development, such a disruption would lead to this presentation in cats as well.[9] Waardenburg syndrome type 2A (caused by a mutation inMITF) has been found in many other small mammals including dogs,minks and mice, and they all display at least patchy white depigmentation and some degeneration of the cochlea andsaccule, as in deaf white cats.[10][11]
A major gene that causes a cat to have a white coat is a dominant masking gene, anallele ofKIT which suppresses pigmentation and hearing. The cat would have an underlying coat colour and pattern, but when the dominant white gene is present, that pattern will not be expressed, and the cat will be deaf. A cat that is homozygous (WW) or heterozygous (Ww) for this gene will have a white coat despite the underlying pattern/colour. A cat that lacks this dominant masking gene (ww) will exhibit a coat colour/pattern.[12]KIT mutations have also led to patchy depigmentation and different coloured irises in humans,[13] andKIT has been found to increaseMITF expression, the gene involved in human Waardenburg syndrome type 2A.[14]
The established link between deafness and blue eyes is found in the link between deafness, blue eyes, and solid white coats. However, it is a common misconception that all white cats with blue eyes are deaf.[15] It is possible to have a cat with a white coat without this gene as an extreme form ofwhite spotting, though this is rare; some small non-white patch usually remains.
Furthermore, there are multiple genes responsible for blue eyes, and several of these genes are not linked to masking, white coats or deafness, such as the dominant blue eye (DBE) gene carried byOjos Azules. Another example is a mutation in theTYR gene causingpoint coloration, a form of partial albinism seen inSiamese cats and related breeds.Foreign White cats, a white variation of Siamese, are also not prone to deafness.[citation needed]
The character Snowkit in theWarriors series bookA Dangerous Path has congenital sensorineural deafness.[16] His condition leads to his death as he fails to hear his mother's warning of the appearance of a predator.[17]
^abBosher, SK; Hallpike, CS (13 April 1965). "Observations on the histological features, development and pathogenesis of the inner ear degeneration of the deaf white cat".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.162 (987):147–170.Bibcode:1965RSPSB.162..147B.doi:10.1098/rspb.1965.0030.PMID14285813.S2CID36675534.
^Bergsma, D.R.; Brown, K.S. (May 1971). "White fur, blue eyes, and deafness in the domestic cat".Journal of Heredity.62 (3):171–183.doi:10.1093/jhered/62.3.171.PMID5137350.
^Heid, S; Hartmann, R; Klinke, R (January 1998). "A model for prelingual deafness, the congenitally deaf white cat—population statistics and degenerative changes".Hearing Research.115 (1–2):101–12.doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(97)00182-2.PMID9472739.S2CID38262220.
^Omenn, Gilbert S.; McKusick, Victor A.; Gorlin, Robert J. (1979). "The association of Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung megacolon".American Journal of Medical Genetics.3 (3):217–223.doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320030302.ISSN1096-8628.PMID484594.
