Rice testifying before theHouse Foreign Affairs Committee on the FY2008 Department of State budget. Recorded February 7, 2007
Condoleezza "Condi"Rice (/ˌkɒndəˈliːzə/KON-də-LEE-zə; born November 14, 1954) is an American diplomat andpolitical scientist who served as the 66thUnited States secretary of state from 2005 to 2009 and as the 19thU.S. national security advisor from 2001 to 2005. Since 2020, she has served as the 8th director ofStanford University'sHoover Institution. A member of theRepublican Party, Rice was the first female African-American secretary of state and the first woman to serve as national security advisor. Until theelection ofBarack Obama aspresident in 2008, Rice and her predecessor,Colin Powell, were the highest-ranking African Americans in the history of the federal executive branch (by virtue of the secretary of state standing fourth in thepresidential line of succession). At the time of her appointment as Secretary of State, Rice was the highest-ranking woman in the history of the United States to be in the presidential line of succession.
Following her confirmation as secretary of state, Rice pioneered the policy ofTransformational Diplomacy directed toward expanding the number of responsible democratic governments in the world and especially in theGreater Middle East. That policy faced challenges asHamas captured a popular majority inPalestinian elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems (with U.S. backing).[citation needed] While in the position, she chaired theMillennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.[3] In March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.[4][5] In September 2010, she became a faculty member of theStanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and the Economy.[6] In January 2020, it was announced that Rice would succeedThomas W. Gilligan as the next director of the Hoover Institution on September 1, 2020.[7] She is on the Board of Directors ofDropbox and Makena Capital Management, LLC.[8][9][10]
In her 2017 book,Democracy: Stories from the Long Road to Freedom, she writes, "My great-great-grandmother Zina on my mother's side bore five children by different slave owners" and "My great-grandmother on my father's side, Julia Head, carried the name of the slave owner and was so favored by him that he taught her to read."[16] Rice grew up in theTitusville[17] neighborhood of Birmingham, and thenTuscaloosa, Alabama, at a time when the South wasracially segregated. The Rices lived on the campus of Stillman College.[12]
Rice began to learn French, music, figure skating and ballet at the age of three.[18] At the age of fifteen, she began piano classes with the goal of becoming a concertpianist.[19]
Education
In 1967, the family moved to Denver, Colorado. She attendedSt. Mary's Academy, an all-girls Catholic high school inCherry Hills Village, Colorado, and graduated at age 16 in 1971.[20] Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father worked at the time.[21][22]
Rice initially majored in music, and after her sophomore year, she went to theAspen Music Festival and School. There, she later said, she met students of greater talent than herself, and she doubted her career prospects as a pianist. She began to consider an alternative major.[19][23] She attended an International Politics course taught byJosef Korbel, which sparked her interest in theSoviet Union andinternational relations. Rice later described Korbel (who is the father ofMadeleine Albright, then a future U.S. secretary of state), as a central figure in her life.[24]
In 1974, at age 19, Rice was inducted intoPhi Beta Kappa society, and was awarded aB.A. degreecum laude in political science by the University of Denver. While at the University of Denver she was a member ofAlpha Chi Omega, Gamma Delta chapter.[25] She obtained anM.A. degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame in 1975. She first worked in theState Department in 1977, during theCarter administration, as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. She also studied Russian atMoscow State University in the summer of 1979, and interned with theRAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California.[26] In 1981, at age 26, she received herPh.D. in political science from theJosef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Her dissertation centered on military policy and politics in what was then the communist state ofCzechoslovakia.[27]
From 1980 to 1981, she was a fellow at Stanford University's Arms Control and Disarmament Program, having won aFord Foundation Dual Expertise Fellowship inSoviet Studies andInternational Security.[26] Rice was one of only four women – along withJanne E. Nolan, Cindy Roberts, andGloria Duffy – studying international security at Stanford on fellowships at the time.[28][29] Her fellowship at Stanford began her academic affiliation with the university and time in Northern California.
Early political views
Rice was aDemocrat until 1982, when she changed her political affiliation to Republican, in part because she disagreed with the foreign policy of Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter,[30][31] and because of the influence of her father, who was Republican. As she told the2000 Republican National Convention, "My father joined our party because the Democrats inJim Crow Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did."[32]
Academic career
Condoleezza Rice during a 2005 interview on ITV in London
Rice was hired by Stanford University as anassistant professor of political science (1981–1987). She was promoted toassociate professor in 1987, a post she held until 1993. She was a specialist on the Soviet Union and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led byUC Berkeley professorGeorge W. Breslauer in the mid-1980s.
At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention ofBrent Scowcroft, who had served as National Security Advisor underGerald Ford.[33] With the election ofGeorge H. W. Bush, Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the United States National Security Council. According toR. Nicholas Burns, President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings withMikhail Gorbachev andBoris Yeltsin.[33]
Because she would have been ineligible for tenure at Stanford if she had been absent for more than two years, she returned there in 1991. She was taken under the wing ofGeorge Shultz (Ronald Reagan's secretary of state from 1982 to 1989), who was a fellow at the Hoover Institution. Shultz included Rice in a "luncheon club" of intellectuals who met every few weeks to discuss foreign affairs.[33] In 1992, Shultz, who was a board member ofChevron Corporation, recommended Rice for a spot on the Chevron board. Chevron was pursuing a $10 billion development project inKazakhstan and, as a Soviet specialist, Rice knew thepresident of Kazakhstan,Nursultan Nazarbayev. She traveled to Kazakhstan on Chevron's behalf and, in honor of her work, in 1993, Chevron named a 129,000-ton supertanker SSCondoleezza Rice.[33] During this period, Rice was also appointed to the boards ofTransamerica Corporation (1991) andHewlett-Packard (1992).
Provost promotion
At Stanford, in 1992, Rice volunteered to serve on the search committee to replace outgoing presidentDonald Kennedy. The committee ultimately recommendedGerhard Casper, the provost of the University of Chicago. Casper met Rice during this search, and was so impressed that in 1993, he appointed her as Stanford'sprovost, the chief budget and academic officer of the university in 1993[33] and she also was grantedtenure and became fullprofessor.[34] Rice was the first female, first African-American, and youngest provost in Stanford's history.[35][36][37] She was also named asenior fellow of theInstitute for International Studies, and a senior fellow (by courtesy) of the Hoover Institution.
Former Stanford president Gerhard Casper said the university was "most fortunate in persuading someone of Professor Rice's exceptional talents and proven ability in critical situations to take on this task. Everything she has done, she has done well; I have every confidence that she will continue that record as provost."[38] Acknowledging Rice's unique character, Casper toldThe New Yorker in 2002 that it "would be disingenuous for me to say that the fact that she was a woman, the fact that she was black and the fact that she was young weren't in my mind."[39][40]
As Stanford's provost, Rice was responsible for managing the university's multibillion-dollar budget. The school at that time was running a deficit of $20 million. When Rice took office, she promised that the budget would be balanced within "two years." Coit Blacker, Stanford's deputy director of the Institute for International Studies, said there "was a sort of conventional wisdom that said it couldn't be done ... that [the deficit] was structural, that we just had to live with it." Two years later, Rice announced that the deficit had been eliminated and the university was holding a record surplus of over $14.5 million.[41]
Rice drew protests when, as the provost, she departed from the practice of applying affirmative action to tenure decisions and unsuccessfully sought to consolidate the university's ethnic community centers.[40]
Return to Stanford
During a farewell interview in early December 2008, Rice indicated she would return to Stanford and the Hoover Institution, "back west of theMississippi where I belong," but beyond writing and teaching did not specify what her role would be.[42] Rice's plans for a return to campus were elaborated in an interview with the Stanford Report in January 2009.[43] She returned to Stanford as a political science professor and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution on March 1, 2009.[44] Condoleezza Rice is currently the Denning Professor in Global Business and the Economy at the Stanford Graduate School of Business; the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution; and a professor of political science at Stanford University.[1]
Role in nuclear strategy
In 1986, Rice was appointed special assistant to the director of theJoint Chiefs of Staff to work on nuclear strategic planning as part of aCouncil on Foreign Relations fellowship. In 2005, Rice assumed office as Secretary of State. Rice played an important role in trying to stop the nuclear threat from North Korea and Iran.[45]
North Korea
North Korea signed theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1985, but in 2002, it was revealed that they were operating a secret nuclear weapons program that violated the 1994 agreement. The 1994 agreement between the United States and North Korea included North Korea agreeing to freeze and eventually dismantle its graphite moderated nuclear reactors, in exchange for international aid which would help them to build two new light-water nuclear reactors. In 2003, North Korea officially withdrew from the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Rice played a key role in the idea of "six-party talks" that brought China, Japan, Russia, and South Korea into discussion with North Korea and the United States.[46]
During these discussions, Rice gave strong talks to urge North Korea to dismantle their nuclear power program. In 2005, North Korea agreed to give up its entire nuclear program in exchange for security guarantees and economic benefits to ensure its survival.[45] Despite the agreement in 2005, in 2006, North Korea test fired long range missiles. TheUN Security Council demanded North Korea suspend the program. In 2007, Rice was involved in another nuclear agreement with North Korea (Pyongyang). Rice, other negotiators for the United States and four other nations (six-party talks) reached a deal with North Korea. In this deal North Korea agreed to close its main nuclear reactor in exchange for $400 million in fuel and aid.[45]
India
In 2006, Indian prime ministerManmohan Singh announced the Agreement for Cooperation between the United States and India involving peaceful uses ofnuclear energy. As Secretary of State, Rice was involved in the negotiation of this agreement and declared "India's society is open and free, transparent and stable. Its multiethnic and multi-religious democracy is characterized by individual freedom and the rule of law. We share common values...India is a rising global power that can be a pillar of stability in a rapidly changing Asia. India is, in short, a natural partner for the United States."[45][47]
Private sector
Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. Chevron honored Rice by naming anoil tankerCondoleezza Rice after her, but controversy led to its being renamedAltair Voyager.[48][49]
In 1992, Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers ofEast Palo Alto and easternMenlo Park, California.[51] After her tenure as secretary of state, Rice was approached in February 2009 to fill an open position as aPac-10 Commissioner,[52] but chose instead to return to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.
In 2014, Rice joined theBan Bossy campaign as a spokesperson advocating leadership roles for girls.[53][54]
In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, Rice served as special assistant to the director of theJoint Chiefs of Staff.
From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall ofBerlin Wall and the final days of theSoviet Union), she served in PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush's administration as director, and then senior director, of Soviet and East European affairs in the National Security Council, and a special assistant to the president for national security affairs. In this position, Rice wrote what would become known as the "Chicken Kiev speech" in which Bush advised theVerkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, againstindependence. She also helped develop Bush's and Secretary of StateJames Baker's policies in favor ofGerman reunification. She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev, as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union."[57]
In 1991, Rice returned to her teaching position at Stanford, although she continued to serve as a consultant on the former Soviet Bloc for numerous clients in both the public and private sectors. Late that year,California governorPete Wilson appointed her to a bipartisan committee that had been formed to draw new state legislative and congressional districts in the state.
In 1997, she served on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender–Integrated Training in the Military.[58]
During George W. Bush's2000 presidential election campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from Stanford University to serve as his foreign policy advisor. The group of advisors she led called itselfthe Vulcans in honor of the monumentalVulcan statue, which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of Birmingham,Alabama. Rice would later go on to give anoteworthy speech at the2000 Republican National Convention. The speech asserted that "... America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's911."[32][59][60]
On December 16, 2000, Rice was named as National Security Advisor,[61] upon which she stepped down from her position at Stanford.[62] She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of "Warrior Princess", reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners.[63]
On January 18, 2003,The Washington Post reported that Rice was involved in crafting Bush's position on race-based preferences. Rice has stated that "while race-neutral means are preferable", race can be taken into account as "one factor among others" in university admissions policies.[64]
Terrorism
During the summer of 2001, Rice met withCIA directorGeorge Tenet to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. On July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"[65] held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an impendingal Qaeda attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Donald Rumsfeld andAttorney GeneralJohn Ashcroft.[66]
Rice characterized the August 6, 2001,President's Daily BriefBin Ladin Determined To Strike in US as historical information. Rice indicated "It was information based on old reporting."[67] Sean Wilentz ofSalon magazine suggested that the PDB contained current information based on continuing investigations, including that Bin Laden wanted to "bring the fighting to America."[68] On September 11, 2001, Rice was scheduled to outline a new national security policy that included missile defense as a cornerstone and played down the threat of stateless terrorism.[69]
President Bush addresses the media at the Pentagon on September 17, 2001
When asked in 2006 about the July 2001 meeting, Rice asserted she did not recall the specific meeting, commenting that she had metrepeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible" to her that she had ignored terrorist threats two months before theSeptember 11 attacks.[65]
In 2003, Rice received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards.[70]
In August 2010, Rice received the U.S. Air Force Academy's 2009 Thomas D. White National Defense Award for contributions to the defense and security of the United States.[71]
Subpoenas
In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before theNational Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). The White House claimedexecutive privilege under constitutional separation of powers and cited past tradition. Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify so long as it did not create a precedent of presidential staff being required to appear before Congress when so requested.[72]In April 2007, Rice rejected, on grounds of executive privilege, a House subpoena regarding the prewar claim that Iraq soughtyellowcake uranium fromNiger.[73]
Iraq
Cheney, Rice and Rumsfeld participate in a video conference with President Bush and Iraqi PM Maliki in 2006
Rice was a proponent of the2003 invasion of Iraq. AfterIraq delivered its declaration ofweapons of mass destruction to theUnited Nations on December 8, 2002, Rice wrote aneditorial forThe New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying".[74] In a January 10, 2003, interview with CNN'sWolf Blitzer, Rice made headlines by stating regarding Iraqi president Saddam Hussein's nuclear capabilities: "The problem here is that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."[75]
In October 2003, Rice was named to run theIraq Stabilization Group, to "quell violence in Iraq and Afghanistan and to speed the reconstruction of both countries."[76] By May 2004,The Washington Post reported that the council had become virtually nonexistent.[77]
Leading up to the2004 presidential election, Rice became the first National Security Advisor to campaign for an incumbent president. She stated that while: "Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the actual attacks on America, Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a part of the Middle East that was festering and unstable, [and] was part of the circumstances that created the problem on September 11."[78]
After the invasion, when it became clear that Iraq did not have nuclearWMD capability, critics called Rice's claims a "hoax", "deception" and "demagogic scare tactic".[79] Dana Milbank and Mike Allen wrote inThe Washington Post: "Either she missed or overlooked numerous warnings from intelligence agencies seeking to put caveats on claims about Iraq's nuclear weapons program, or she made public claims that she knew to be false".[80]
Role in authorizing use of torture
ASenate Intelligence Committee reported that on July 17, 2002, Rice met with CIA directorGeorge Tenet to personally convey the Bush administration's approval of the proposedwaterboarding of alleged Al Qaeda leaderAbu Zubaydah. "Days after Dr Rice gave Mr Tenet her approval, the Justice Department approved the use of waterboarding in a top secret August 1 memo."[81] Waterboarding is considered to be torture by a wide range of authorities, including legal experts,[82][83][84][85] war veterans,[86][87] intelligence officials,[88] military judges,[89] human rights organizations,[90] former U.S. attorney generalEric Holder,[91] and many senior politicians, including former U.S. presidentBarack Obama.[92]
In 2003 Rice, Vice PresidentDick Cheney and Attorney GeneralJohn Ashcroft met with the CIA again and were briefed on the use of waterboarding and other methods including week-longsleep deprivation, forced nudity and the use of stress positions. The Senate report says that the Bush administration officials "reaffirmed that the CIA program was lawful and reflected administration policy".[81]
The Senate report also "suggests Miss Rice played a more significant role than she acknowledged in written testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee submitted in the autumn."[81] At that time, she had acknowledged attending meetings to discuss the CIA's use of torture, but she claimed that she could not recall the details, and she "omitted her direct role in approving the program in her written statement to the committee."[93]
In a conversation with a student at Stanford University in April 2009, Rice stated that she did not authorize the CIA to use the torture. Rice said, "I didn't authorize anything. I conveyed the authorization of the administration to the agency that they had policy authorization, subject to the Justice Department's clearance. That's what I did."[94] She added, "We were told, nothing that violates our obligations under theConvention Against Torture. And so, by definition, if it was authorized by the president, it did not violate our obligations under the Conventions Against Torture."[94]
On November 16, 2004, Bush nominated Rice to be Secretary of State. On January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85–13.[96] The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825,[96] came from Senators who, according to SenatorBarbara Boxer, wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism."[97] Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equatingSaddam's regime withIslamist terrorism and some could not accept her previous record. SenatorRobert Byrd, a prominent Senate institutionalist[98] who was concerned with executive over-reach, voted against Rice's appointment, indicating that she "has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him."[99]
As Secretary of State, Rice championed the expansion of democratic governments and other American values: "American values are universal."[100] "An international order that reflects our values is the best guarantee of our enduring national interest..."[101] Rice stated that theSeptember 11 attacks in 2001 were rooted in "oppression and despair" and so, the U.S. must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East.[102]
Rice also reformed and restructured the department, as well as U.S. diplomacy as a whole. "Transformational Diplomacy" is the goal that Rice describes as "work[ing] with our many partners around the world ... [and] build[ing] and sustain[ing] democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system."[103]
Rice with Saudi Arabian Foreign MinisterSaud al-Faisal in 2006
As Secretary of State, Rice traveled heavily and initiated many diplomatic efforts on behalf of the Bush administration;[104] she holds the record for most miles logged in the position.[105] Her diplomacy relied on strong presidential support and is considered to be the continuation of style defined by former Republican secretaries of stateHenry Kissinger and James Baker.[104]
Condoleezza Rice speaks withVladimir Putin during her April 2005 trip to Russia.
In May 2011, after thekilling of Osama bin Laden, Rice toldZain Verjee that bin Laden's death was "gratifying because for our country this brings an important chapter to a close and it shows that the United States can, with patience and persistence, do something like this." She argued against removing troops from Afghanistan until the US finished helping the country "get more decent governance".[112] That year, she appeared as herself on theNBC sitcom30 Rock in thefifth-season episode "Everything Sunny All the Time Always", in which she engages in a classical-music duel withJack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin). Within the world of the show, Donaghy had had a relationship with Rice during the show's first season.[113][114]
In 2013, Rice charged Iran with having "done everything to make certain that you can't trust them", citing Iran's decades-long hiding of its nuclear program and giving theInternational Atomic Energy Agency "the runaround."[119] In 2015, Rice initially declined taking a public position on theJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action "because I know how hard it is to be in there as opposed to out here", but added, "This particular deal I think has some good elements but the price that was paid was pretty high. It's entirely possible that they are already at threshold status and we will never know it."[120] As the Trump administration weighed pulling out of the agreement, Rice said she would have "stayed in for alliance management reasons more than anything else" and charged the verification methods of the deal as not being "very strong."[121][122]
On January 26, 2017, Rice participated in a talk with theUniversity of San Francisco, where she opined that the United States had entered "uncharted territory" with PresidentDonald Trump due to his lack of government experience and that the new president should be given time to realize the limitations of his powers.[128]On March 31, Rice met with Vice PresidentMike Pence and President Trump at the White House.[129][130] In May, Rice said that alleged Russianhacking of DNC emails should "absolutely not" delegitimize Trump's presidency.[131]
Rice supported the Trump administration "painting a very bleak picture for the Chinese", opining that the cabinet saw the region as the only country with leverage over North Korea.[132] In 2018, Rice called decisions by North Korean leaderKim Jong Un to make overtures to the South Koreans "clever" and expressed that he was more isolated and reckless than his father.[133] Ahead of theSingapore Summit, Rice stated her support for negotiations with North Korea, but warned the US should "go step by step, make sure there's good verification of everything the North Koreans are doing, and keep your eye on the prize of denuclearization. Because what we want to do is stop them short of threatening the American homeland."[134]
By September 2019, Rice had publicly stated her dislike for Trump's rhetoric, especially on immigration, and warned that Trump needed "to be a lot more careful in the way that he speaks about these things because race is a very delicate and raw nerve in America."[135] In November, as House Democrats moved forward with their impeachment inquiry into President Trump for his correspondence with Ukraine, Rice commented that she did not "like for the President of the United States to mention an American citizen for investigation to a foreign leader" and that she was troubled by "a state of conflict between the foreign policy professionals and someone in Rudy Giuliani who says he was acting on behalf of the President."[136]
In August 2021, Rice wrote an op-ed arguing that the United States withdrew from Afghanistan too quickly and called claims that Afghans were to blame for the Taliban takeover a "corrosive and deeply unfair narrative".[137] In October, Rice appeared as a guest cohost onThe View, where she asserted that Americans were more interested in household issues than continuing to investigate theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack.[138][139][140] In December, Rice joinedGovernor of AlabamaKay Ivey in Birmingham to announce the recommendations of the Alabama Innovation Commission, which had worked with the Hoover Institution, on means of advancing statewide technology and entrepreneurship.[141][142]
In April 2022, Rice attended Madeleine Albright's funeral, where she delivered a reading from the Bible.[143] In July, Rice participated in an Aspen Security Forum with fellow former National Security AdvisorsThomas E. Donilon andStephen Hadley.[144] In October, Rice met with Secretary of StateAntony Blinken at the Hoover Institution Hauck Auditorium and asked the incumbent about issues such as protests in Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[145][146]
In 2023, after former President Trump andGovernor of FloridaRon DeSantis criticized US support for Ukraine, Rice stressed the need for any potential presidential candidates to understand the essence of the conflict, which she defined as "defending a rules-based system that says might doesn't make right, you can't just extinguish your neighbor."[147]
Author
In February 2009, it was announced that Rice had signed a three-book deal withCrown Publishers worth at least $2.5 million. Crown reported that Rice would "combine candid narrative and acute analysis to tell the story of her time in the White House and as America's top diplomat, and her role in protecting American security and shaping foreign policy during the extraordinary period from 2001-2009."[148][149] In 2010, Rice releasedExtraordinary, Ordinary People: A Memoir of Family, an account of her upbringing.[150][151][152]John McWhorter ofThe New York Times summarized, "If there is a lesson from Rice's book, it is that the civil rights revolution made it possible for an extremely talented black person (a woman, no less) to embrace a race-neutral subject and ride it into service as secretary of state, all the while thinking of herself largely as just a person."[153] In 2011, Rice wroteNo Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington, a memoir of her time in the Bush administration.[154][155][156] In an interview withGeorge Stephanopoulos, Rice explained that she chose the title "because there really is no higher honor than serving your country" and named the Bush administration's attempts to consider "a different kind of Middle East" the hardest challenge they faced.[157] Susan Chira wrote that the book "shows us two Condoleezza Rices: one, the impatient unilateralist who was national security adviser, the other the born-again diplomat who, as secretary of state, worked to repair some of the damage that had been done to American credibility by its unilateralism."[158]
It was announced in 2013 that Rice was writing a book to be published in 2015 byHenry Holt & Company.[159]
In 2017, Rice releasedDemocracy: Stories from the Long Road to Freedom, a book in which she makes the case for democracy over totalitarianism or authoritarianism.[160][161] In an interview, Rice said she began writing the book three years before its release and pondered that her desire to write about democracy stemmed from her youth in Birmingham "when black citizens did not experience full democracy" under segregation.[162]
College Football Playoff Selection Committee
In October 2013, Rice was selected to be one of the thirteen inaugural members of theCollege Football Playoff selection committee.[163] Her appointment caused a minor controversy in the sport.[164] In October 2014, she revealed that she watched "14 or 15 games every week live on TV on Saturdays and recorded games on Sundays."[165] Her term on the committee expired at the conclusion of the2016 college football season.[166]
Cleveland Browns head coach rumors
On November 18, 2018,ESPN'sAdam Schefter reported that a league source had told him that Rice was being considered as a candidate in theCleveland Browns' head coach search.[167][168] This report sparked jokes at the expense of the Browns and outcry due to both Rice's lack of any experience in coaching and Rice being a woman. Shortly after the initial report, the Browns and General ManagerJohn Dorsey denied the report saying, "Our coaching search will be thorough and deliberate, but we are still in the process of composing the list of candidates and Secretary Rice has not been discussed."[169][170] Rice, who is a lifelong Browns fan, also denied the reports but joked that she "would like to call a play or two next season if the Browns need ideas."[171]
Speculation on political future
Rice speaks with Secretary of StateAntony Blinken at Stanford University in 2022
As early as 2003, there were reports that Rice was considering a run forgovernor of California, while ruling out running for the Senate in 2004.[172] There was also speculation that Rice would run for the Republican nomination in the 2008 primaries, which she ruled out onMeet the Press. On February 22, 2008, Rice played down any suggestion that she may be on the Republican vice presidential ticket: "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office in the United States."[173]
For Presidency
A variation of a campaign button put out by Americans For Rice, similar to the famous "I like Ike" button.
Rice repeatedly said that she had no desire or interest in becoming president. Interviewed byTim Russert on March 14, 2005, Rice declared, "I will not run for president of theUnited States. How is that? I don't know how many ways to say 'no' in this town."[178]
During an interview with RussianEcho Moscow Radio, Rice was asked about her intentions concerning running for president.[179] When asked by a schoolgirl, "One day you will run for president?" she replied, "President, да, да [yes, yes]," before she quickly answered with "нет, нет, нет [no, no, no]."
However, in May 2005, several of Rice's associates claimed that she would be willing to run for the presidency if she weredrafted into the race.[180] On October 16, 2005, onNBC'sMeet the Press, Rice again denied she would run for president in 2008. While she said she was flattered that many people wanted her to run, she said it was not what she wanted to do with her life. Rice toldFox News Sunday host,Chris Wallace: "I'm quite certain that there are going to be really fine candidates for president from our party, and I'm looking forward to seeing them and perhaps supporting them."[181] Interviewed onBBC television'sThe Politics Show on October 23, she again stated her decision not to run.
Certain high-profile political figures, includingLaura Bush, former White House SpokesmanScott McClellan, and world leaders such asRussian PresidentVladimir Putin[182] and formerAustralian Prime MinisterJohn Howard[183] have also voiced encouragement. Laura Bush has perhaps been the strongest proponent of Rice's candidacy. OnCNN'sThe Situation Room on January 17, 2006, Mrs. Bush implicated Rice when asked if she thought the United States would soon have a female president, stating: "I'd love to see her run. She's terrific."[184] Mrs. Bush then turned to advocacy during an interview on CNN'sLarry King Live on March 24, 2006, in which she stated that Rice would make an "excellent president," and that she wished Americans could "talk her into running."[185] However, Mrs. Bush has also stated that Rice will not run for president "[p]robably because she is single, her parents are no longer living, she's an only child. You need a very supportive family and supportive friends to have this job."[186]
Rice was frequently mentioned as a possible opponent ofHillary Clinton in the 2008 election, a scenario that was the subject of the bookCondi vs. Hillary: The Next Great Presidential Race, by political strategistDick Morris and his wife, Eileen McGann-Morris, published in October 2005.
Rice had publicly expressed aspirations to become the nextcommissioner of theNational Football League and following the announcement ofPaul Tagliabue's retirement, she was widely believed to be a serious contender for the post. If appointed to the office, she would have been both the first African American and the first female commissioner of anyNorth American major sports league. However, Rice, aCleveland Browns fan, said she was not interested in replacing Tagliabue, saying that she preferred to remain as Secretary of State.[187]
In May 2007,The Des Moines Register found that among Republicans "one-half of likely participants in the party’s caucuses would like to see Rice, the U.S. secretary of state, campaign for president", a greater portion than forFred Thompson orNewt Gingrich.[188]
For Vice presidency
During an interview with the editorial board ofThe Washington Times on March 27, 2008, Rice said she was "not interested" in running for vice president.[189] In aGallup poll from March 24 to 27, 2008, Rice was mentioned by eight percent of Republican respondents to be their first choice to beJohn McCain's Republican vice presidential running mate, slightly behindMike Huckabee andMitt Romney.[190]
Republican strategistDan Senor said on ABC'sThis Week on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. He based this assessment on her attendance ofGrover Norquist'sAmericans for Tax Reform conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008.[191] In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice was seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it."[192]
In August 2008, the speculation about a potential McCain–Rice ticket finally ended when then-GovernorSarah Palin of Alaska was selected as McCain's running-mate.
In early December 2008, Rice praised President-elect Barack Obama's selection of New YorksenatorHillary Clinton to succeed her as Secretary of State, saying "she's terrific". Rice, who spoke to Clinton after her selection, said Clinton "is someone of intelligence and she'll do a great job".[193]
Rumors arose once again during the2012 presidential race that presumptive nomineeMitt Romney was looking into vetting Rice for the vice presidency. Rice once again denied any such intentions or desires to become the vice president, reiterating in numerous interviews that she "is a policy maker, not a politician."[194] Speculation ended in August 2012 when Romney announced that RepresentativePaul Ryan was chosen as his running-mate.[195] Rice campaigned for the Romney-Ryan ticket in the general election.[196][197]
According toBob Woodward's 2018 bookFear: Trump in the White House, then-Republican National Committee chairmanReince Priebus told then Republican nominee Donald Trump, that he should drop out of the race for the good of the party following the release of theAccess Hollywood tapes. During these discussions, it was revealed thatMike Pence, the vice presidential nominee, had agreed to replace Trump on the top of the ticket as the Republican presidential nominee, with Rice agreeing to be Pence's running mate.[198]
Rice meets with Afghan foreign ministerRangin Dadfar Spanta to discuss anti-terrorism efforts, 2006
Rice's policy as Secretary of State viewedcounter-terrorism as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. In an interview on December 18, 2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks."[206]
Rice has promoted the idea that counterterrorism involves not only confronting the governments and organizations that promote and condone terrorism, but also the ideologies that fuel terrorism. In a speech given on July 29, 2005, Rice asserted that "[s]ecuring America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy."[207]
In January 2005, during Bush'ssecond inaugural ceremonies, Rice first used the term "outposts of tyranny" to refer to countries Rice thought to threaten world peace and human rights. This term has been called a descendant of Bush's phrase, "Axis of Evil", used to describeIraq, Iran andNorth Korea. She identified six such "outposts" in which she said the United States has a duty to foster freedom: Cuba,Zimbabwe, Burma andBelarus, as well as Iran and North Korea.[citation needed]
Abortion
Rice said "If you go back to 2000 when I helped the president in the campaign. I said that I was, in effect, kind oflibertarian on this issue. And meaning by that, that I have been concerned about a government role in this issue. I am a strong proponent of parental choice—of parental notification. I am a strong proponent of a ban on late-term abortion. These are all things that I think unite people and I think that that's where we should be. I've called myself at times mildly pro-choice."[208] She would not want the federal government "forcing its views on one side or the other."[209] She did not want the Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion,Roe v. Wade, to be overturned.[210]
Rice said she believes President Bush "has been in exactly the right place" on abortion, "which is we have to respect the culture of life and we have to try and bring people to have respect for it and make this as rare a circumstance as possible". However, she added that she has been "concerned about a government role" but has "tended to agree with those who do not favor federal funding for abortion, because I believe that those who hold a strong moral view on the other side should not be forced to fund" the procedure.[209]
Affirmative action
Rice has taken a centrist approach to "race and gender preferences" inaffirmative action policies.[211] She described affirmative action as being "still needed," but she does not support quotas.[212]
Female empowerment advocacy
In March 2014, Rice joined and appeared in video spots for theBan Bossy campaign, a television and social media campaign designed to ban the word "bossy" from general use because of its harmful effect on young girls. Several video spots with other notable spokespersons includingBeyoncé,Jennifer Garner and others were produced along with a web site providing school training material, leadership tips, and an online pledge form to which visitors can promise not to use the word.[53][54]
Immigration
Condoleezza Rice supported thecomprehensive immigration plan backed by the Bush administration and shared that it was among her regrets that it did not pass through Congress.[213] In 2014, Rice criticized the Obama administration from seeking to approve immigration reforms through executive action.[214] In February 2017 Rice publicly announced her opposition to the Trump administration'stravel ban.[213]
Gun rights
Rice says that she became a "Second Amendment absolutist" due to her experience of growing up in Birmingham and facing threats from the KKK.[214] "Rice's fondness for the Second Amendment began while watching her father sit on the porch with a gun, ready to defend his family against the Klan's night riders."[215]
Same-sex marriage and LGBT issues
While Rice does not support same-sex marriage, she does supportcivil unions. In 2010, Rice stated that she believed "marriage is between a man and a woman ... But perhaps we will decide that there needs to be some way for people to express their desire to live together through civil union."[216] When asked to select a view on a survey, Rice selected a response that said "Same-sex couples should be allowed to form civil unions, but not marry in the traditional sense."[217]
Confederate monuments
In May 2017, Rice said she opposes theremoval of Confederate monuments and memorials or the renaming of buildings named after Confederate generals.[218] She argued, "If you forget your history, you're likely to repeat it. ... When you start wiping out your history, sanitizing your history to make you feel better, it's a bad thing."[219]
Racial discrimination
Rice experienced firsthand the injustices of Birmingham's discriminatory laws and attitudes. She was instructed by her parents to walk proudly in public and to use the facilities at home rather than face shame from the "colored" facilities in town. As Rice recalls, "they refused to allow the limits and injustices of their time to limit our horizons."[220]
However, Rice recalls various times in which she suffered discrimination on account of her race, which included being relegated to a storage room at a department store instead of a regular dressing room, being barred from going to the circus or the local amusement park, being denied hotel rooms, and even being given bad food at restaurants.[221] Also, while Rice was mostly kept by her parents from areas where she might face discrimination, she was very aware of the civil rights struggle and the problems ofJim Crow laws in Birmingham. A neighbor, Juliemma Smith, described how "[Condi] used to call me and say things like, 'Did you see whatBull Connor did today?' She was just a little girl and she did that all the time. I would have to read the newspaper thoroughly because I wouldn't know what she was going to talk about."[221] Rice herself said of the segregation era: "Those terrible events burned into my consciousness. I missed many days at my segregated school because of the frequent bomb threats."[221]
During the violent days of theCivil Rights Movement, Reverend Rice armed himself and kept guard over the house while Condoleezza practiced the piano inside. Reverend Rice instilled in his daughter and students that black people would have to prove themselves worthy of advancement, and would simply have to be "twice as good" to overcome injustices built into the system.[222][223]
Rice said "My parents were very strategic, I was going to be so well prepared, and I was going to do all of these things that were revered in white society so well, that I would be armored somehow from racism. I would be able to confront white society on its own terms."[224]While the Rices supported the goals of the civil rights movement, they did not agree with the idea of putting their child in harm's way.[221]
Rice was eight when her schoolmate Denise McNair, aged 11, was murdered in the bombing of the primarily blackSixteenth Street Baptist Church bywhite supremacists on September 15, 1963.[2] Rice has commented upon that moment in her life:
I remember the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. I did not see it happen, but I heard it happen, and I felt it happen, just a few blocks away at my father's church. It is a sound that I will never forget, that will forever reverberate in my ears. That bomb took the lives of four young girls, including my friend and playmate, Denise McNair. The crime was calculated to suck the hope out of young lives, bury their aspirations. But those fears were not propelled forward, those terrorists failed.[225]
Legacy
Rice greets U.S. military personnel at the American Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, on May 15, 2005.
Rice has appeared four times on theTime 100,Time magazine's list of the world's 100 most influential people. Rice is one of only nine people in the world whose influence has been considered enduring enough to have made the list—first compiled in 1999 as a retrospective of the 20th century and made an annual feature in 2004—so frequently. However, the list contains people who have the influence to change for better or for worse, andTime has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating on February 1, 2007, that her "accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade" and that she "has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U.S.'s prestige has declined."[226] In its March 19, 2007, issue it followed up stating that Rice was "executing an unmistakable course correction in U.S. foreign policy."[227]
Rice makes an appearance at Boston College, where she is greeted by FatherWilliam Leahy.
Criticism from Senator Barbara Boxer
California Democratic senatorBarbara Boxer has also criticized Rice in relation to thewar in Iraq. During Rice's confirmation hearing for U.S. secretary of state in January 2005, Boxer stated, "I personally believe—this is my personal view—that your loyalty to the mission you were given, to sell the war, overwhelmed your respect for the truth."[229]
On January 11, 2007, Boxer, during a debate over thewar in Iraq, said, "Now, the issue is who pays the price, who pays the price? I'm not going to pay a personal price. My kids are too old, and my grandchild is too young. You're not going to pay a particular price, as I understand it, within immediate family. So who pays the price? The American military and their families, and I just want to bring us back to that fact."[230]
TheNew York Post andWhite House press secretaryTony Snow called Boxer's statement an attack on Rice's status as a single, childless female and referred to Boxer's comments as "a great leap backward for feminism."[231] Rice later echoed Snow's remarks, saying "I thought it was okay to not have children, and I thought you could still make good decisions on behalf of the country if you were single and didn't have children." Boxer responded to the controversy by saying "They're getting this off on a non-existent thing that I didn't say. I'm saying, she's like me, we do not have families who are in the military."[232]
Conservative criticism
According toThe Washington Post in late July 2008, former undersecretary of state and U.N. ambassadorJohn R. Bolton was referring to Rice and her allies in the Bush Administration whom he believes abandoned earlier hard-line principles when he said: "Once the collapse begins, adversaries have a real opportunity to gain advantage. In terms of the Bush presidency, this many reversals this close to the end destroys credibility ... It appears there is no depth to which this administration will not sink in its last days."[233]
Formersecretary of defenseDonald Rumsfeld repeatedly criticized Rice after their terms in office ended. In his bookKnown and Unknown: A Memoir, he portrayed her as a young, inexperienced academic who did not know her place.[234] In 2011, she responded, saying that Rumsfeld "doesn't know what he's talking about."[235] She further addresses the issue in her own book, saying "He would become frustrated when my staff would reach out to military officers in the Pentagon to coordinate the particulars of a policy among the agencies. This was a routine responsibility for theNSC, but for some reason Don interpreted such actions as a violation of his authority."[236]
In his bookIn My Time,Dick Cheney suggested that Rice had misled the president about nuclear diplomacy with North Korea, saying that she was naïve. He called her advice on the issue "utterly misleading." He also chided Rice for clashing with White House advisers on the tone of the president's speeches on Iraq and said that she, as the secretary of state, ruefully conceded to him that the Bush administration should not have apologized for a claim the president made in his 2003 State of the Union address, on Saddam's supposed search for yellowcake uranium. She "came into my office, sat down in the chair next to my desk, and tearfully admitted I had been right," Cheney wrote. Rice responded: "It certainly doesn't sound like me, now, does it?", saying that she viewed the book as an "attack on my integrity."[237]
Rice has also been criticized by other conservatives. Stephen Hayes of theWeekly Standard accused her of jettisoning theBush Doctrine, including theIraq War troop surge of 2007.[238] Other conservatives criticized her for her approach to Russia policy and other issues.[239]
Rice's ratings decreased following a heated battle for her confirmation as Secretary of State and followingHurricane Katrina in August 2005. Rice's rise within theGeorge W. Bush administration initially drew a largely positive response from many in the black community. In a 2002 survey, then National Security Advisor Rice was viewed favorably by 41% of black respondents, but another 40% did not know Rice well enough to rate her and her profile remained comparatively obscure.[240] As her role increased, some black commentators began to express doubts concerning Rice's stances and statements on various issues. In 2005,The Washington Post columnistEugene Robinson asked, "How did [Rice] come to a worldview so radically different from that of most black Americans?"[241]
In August 2005, American musician, actor, and social activistHarry Belafonte, who served on the Board of TransAfrica, referred to blacks in the Bush administration as "black tyrants." Belafonte's comments received mixed reactions.[240]
Rice dismissed these criticisms during a September 14, 2005 interview when she said, "Why would I worry about something like that? ... The fact of the matter is I've been black all my life. Nobody needs to tell me how to be black."[242]
Rice has never married and has no children.[231] In the 1970s, she dated and was briefly engaged to professional American football playerRick Upchurch but left him because, according to biographer Marcus Mabry, she "knew the relationship wasn't going to work."[46]
Rice's mother, Angelena Rice, died of breast cancer in 1985, aged 61, when Rice was 30.[248] In 1989, Rice's father, John Wesley Rice, wed Clara Bailey,[249] to whom he remained married until his death in 2000, aged 77.[250]
From 2003 to 2017, Rice co-owned a house inPalo Alto, California with a woman, Randy Bean. According to public records, the two initially bought the house with a third investor, Stanford University professorCoit D. Blacker, who later sold hisline of credit to the two women. The property arrangement was first revealed inGlenn Kessler's bookThe Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy (2007), sparking rumors about the nature of Rice and Bean's relationship. Kessler has stated he "did not know if this meant there was something more to the relationship between the women beyond a friendship."[251][252][253][254]
She has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, including a performance forQueen Elizabeth II,[266][267] and she has performed in public with cellist Yo-Yo Ma and singerAretha Franklin.[268] In 2005, Rice accompaniedCharity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick, a 21-year-old soprano, for a benefit concert for the Pulmonary Hypertension Association at the Kennedy Center in Washington.[269][270] She performed briefly during her cameo appearance in the "Everything Sunny All the Time Always" episode of30 Rock. She has stated that her favorite composer isJohannes Brahms, because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental."[271] On a complementary note, Rice has revealed on multiple occasions that she enjoys the bandLed Zeppelin,[272] and in a 2009 appearance onThe Tonight Show withJay Leno, she stated that it was her favorite band.[273][274]
As Secretary of State, Rice wasex officio a member of theBoard of Trustees of theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. As the end of their tenures approached in January 2009, outgoing President Bush appointed her to a six-year term on the board of trustees.[275]
Honorary degrees
Rice has received severalhonorary degrees from various American universities, including:
Rice, Condoleezza; Zegart, Amy (2018).Political Risk: How Businesses and Organizations Can Anticipate Global Insecurity. New York: Twelve.ISBN978-1455542352.OCLC1019846069.
^abHorton, Ebony (December 6, 2004)."Stillman College educators recall Rice's ties to town".The Tuscaloosa News.Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2018.Rice moved from Titusville, near Birmingham, to Tuscaloosa in 1966 when her father, John Rice, became the dean of students at Stillman. The family resided on campus in a brick home behind Hay Residence Hall, while Rice, then 11, attended what is now Central High School.
^"Episode 7: Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., DNA".Your Genetic Genealogist.Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. RetrievedAugust 20, 2018.Dr. Gates' team also ordered an admixture test for Condoleeza. This DNA analysis revealed that her genetic makeup is 51% African, 40% European and 9% Native American or Asian", and "Condoleezza was surprised to learn that her mtDNA traced back to the Tikar people of Cameroon.
^Chapman, Tamara (Summer 2010)."Facing Forward, Looking Back".University of Denver Magazine.Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 1, 2010.
^Conteras, Nancy (May 29, 2009)."Transcript of CISAC 25th Anniversary Celebration"(PDF). Stanford CISAC. RetrievedMay 5, 2021.Chip actively brought women into the discussion, starting with what have been called the "4 fellowettes" here at CISAC: Condi Rice, Janne Nolan, Cindy Roberts and me [Gloria Duffy], in 1980-82.
^Serafin, Tatiana (November 2005)."#1 Condoleezza Rice".The Most Powerful Women.Forbes.Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. RetrievedNovember 3, 2008.
^"Rice says has no plan to run for vice president".Reuters. February 22, 2008.Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. RetrievedMarch 28, 2008.I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office.
^Kessler, Glenn (April 7, 2008)."Rice: Still Not Running for VP".The Washington Post. Archived fromthe original on March 26, 2012. RetrievedNovember 3, 2008.McCormack dismissed both as perfectly ordinary. 'I think if you look back at her tenure, in terms of her activities, you will find all of these activities perfectly normal and consistent with the way she has done her job over the past three years or so,' he said. 'If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it.'
Bashevkin, Sylvia (April 2020).Women as Foreign Policy Leaders: National Security and Gender Politics in Superpower America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN978-0-19-751697-3.; alsoonline review
Burke, John P. (2005). "The Contemporary Presidency: Condoleezza Rice as NSC Advisor: A Case Study of the Honest Broker Role".Presidential Studies Quarterly.35 (3):554–575.doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00264.x.ISSN0360-4918.
Dolan, Chris J.; Cohen, David B. (2006). "The War About the War: Iraq and the Politics of National Security Advising in the G.W. Bush Administration's First Term".Politics & Policy.34 (1):30–64.doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2006.00003.x.ISSN1555-5623.
Jones, Jason (2010). "Controlling the discourse: interviews with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice".Critical Discourse Studies.7 (2):127–141.doi:10.1080/17405901003675448.ISSN1740-5904.
Pennington, Dorthy (April 20, 2011). "The "Rhetorical Condition" as Mediator in the Response of African Americans to Perceptions of Terrorism: Condoleezza Rice as Symbol".Howard Journal of Communications.22 (2):123–139.doi:10.1080/10646175.2011.567137.ISSN1064-6175.
Popular books and commentary
Bumiller, Elisabeth.Condoleezza Rice: an American life: a biography (Random House, 2007).
Marcus Mabry.Twice As Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power (Modern Times/Rodale, 2007).
Rice, Condoleezza, and President George W. Bush.Hand-Off: The Foreign Policy George W. Bush Passed to Barack Obama (Brookings Institution Press, 2023).excerpt
Ryan, Bernard Jr. (2003).Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor and Musician (Ferguson Career Biographies)Facts on FileISBN0-8160-5480-0
Wade, Linda R. (2002).Condoleezza Rice: A Real-Life Reader Biography (Real-Life Reader Biography) Mitchell Lane PublishersISBN1-58415-145-5, middle school audience
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