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Acompanion robot is arobot created to create real or apparentcompanionship for human beings.[1] Target markets for companion robots include the elderly[2] and single children.[3] Companions robots are expected to communicate with non-experts in a natural and intuitive way. They offer a variety of functions, such as monitoring the home remotely, communicating with people, or waking people up in the morning. Their aim is to perform a wide array of tasks including educational functions, home security, diary duties, entertainment and message delivery services, etc.[4]
The idea of companionship with robots has already existed on science fictions of 1970s, likeR2-D2. Starting from the late 20th century, companion robots became a reality, mostly asrobotic pets. Besides entertainment purposes, interactive robots were also introduced as a personal service robot for elderly care around 2000.[5]
Companion robots try to interact with users. They gather information about users based on their interactions and yield feedback. This procedure varies slightly based on their specific roles. For example, social-companion robots make simple conversations, while pet-companion robots mimic being real pets.
Companion robots can perform a variety of tasks and they are produced in a specialized manner according to their purpose or target audience in order to increase convenience and end user satisfaction.
Social companion robots are designed to provide companionship and be a solution for unwanted solitude. They often mimic adult human, child or pet behaviours appealing to the user base.[6] Robots which are specifically devised for simple conversations, conveying emotions and respond to user feelings fall under this category.
Assistive companion robots are aimed at people who require constant care because of age, disability or rehabilitation purposes. Such robots can help disadvantaged users with their daily tasks, act as reminders (e.g., for regular medication) and facilitate mobility in everyday actions. Assistive companion robots reduce the intensity of labour that should be performed by caretakers, nurses and legal guardians.[citation needed]
Educational companion robots perform tutorship for students, regardless of their ages, and can teach desired subjects with activities tailored for the user such as interactive assignments and games. Rather than replacing teachers and instructors, educational companion robots are aides to them.[citation needed]
Designed for individuals coping with stress (PTSD in severe cases), anxiety and loneliness; therapeutic companion robots support users' emotional and mental wellbeing. Such robots can be utilized in hospitals and care facilities as well as dwellings where the distressed user may need the most help. Therapeutic companion robots bear a vast resemblance to assistive companion robots to the extent of being a branch of them; the nuance between these two types of companion robots is that the former is for long-term/lifetime usage while the latter is mostly for the duration of the therapy received by the user.[citation needed]
Pet companion robots are for individuals who seek an alternative to live pets as live animals demand a considerable amount of care and may not be eligible for people with allergies. These robots aim to be perfect imitations of a pet while diminishing the chore aspect of having one.[citation needed]
Entertainment companion robots are designed solely for entertainment and can provide numerous ways of entertainment, ranging from dancing to playing games with the user. People who would appreciate an individual to have fun with are the main audience of such products.[citation needed]
Personal assistant robots help people with daily tasks, management, scheduling, reminding etc. Their area of activity can be offices as well as homes and public spaces.[citation needed]
Sex robots are anthropomorphic roboticsex dolls that have human-like movement or behavior, and some degree ofartificial intelligence.[7][8] As of 2026[update], although elaborately instrumented sex dolls have been created by a number of inventors, no fully animated sex robots yet exist. Simple devices have been created which can speak, make facial expressions, or respond to touch.[9][10]
There is controversy as to whether developing them would bemorally justifiable.[11][12] In 2015, robot ethicist Kathleen Richardson called for aban on the creation of anthropomorphic sex robots with concerns about normalizing relationships with machines and reinforcing female dehumanization.[13][14][15] Questions about their ethics, effects, and possible legal regulations have been discussed since then.[who?][when?]
There are several companion robot prototypes, and these includeParo, CompanionAble, and EmotiRob, among others.
Paro is a pet-type robot system developed byJapan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The robot, which looked like a small harp seal, was designed as a therapeutic tool for use in hospitals and nursing homes.[16][17] The robot is programmed to cry for attention and respond to its name.[16] Experiments showed that Paro facilitated elderly residents to communicate with each other, which led to psychological improvements.[17]
This robot is classified as an FP 7 EU project. It is built to "cooperate with Ambient Assistive Living environment".[18] The autonomous device, which is also built to support the elderly, helps its owner interact withsmart home environment as well as caregivers. The robot functions as a mobile friend, by which natural interaction is possible via speech and the touchscreen to detect and track people at home.[19][20][18]
EmotiRob is developed in a robotics project which is the continuity of the MAPH (Active Media For the Handicap) project in emotion synthesis.[21] The aim of the project was to maintain emotional interaction with children. EmotiRob designed in a way that a child can hold it in a his/her arms and with which he/she could interact by talking to it, and then the robot would express itself through body postures or facial expressions.[21] It hascognitive capabilities, which are further extended so that the robot can have a natural linguistic interaction with its owner through the DRAGONspeech-recognition software developed by a company calledNUANCE.[22] Such interaction is expected to facilitate a child's cognitive development and develop new learning patterns.[22]
Lovot is a Japanese company robot whose only purpose is "to make you happy".[23] It features over 50 sensors that mimic the behavior of ahuman baby or smallpet, a 360° camera with a microphone, the ability to distinguish humans from objects,neoteny eyes, and an internal warmth of 30°celsius.[24] An interactive Lovot Café was opened in Japan October 3, 2020.[25]
Nicobo was developed byPanasonic and was influenced by the loneliness oflockdowns created as a measure of theCOVID-19 pandemic. It was designed to appear vulnerable, which createsempathy in its owners. Nicobo's name derives from the Japanese word for "smile". It wags its tail, engages in baby talk, and stays as a housemate.[26][27]
Hyodol is an advanced care robot designed to support the elderly by reminding them to take their medications and monitoring their movements to keep their guardians informed. Additionally, this innovative robot can detect and respond to the emotional states of its elderly users, adding a layer of personalized care. Hyodol is designed with the appearance and speech style of a 7-year-old Korean grandchild, featuring a soft fabric exterior and user interaction methods such as striking the head or patting the back. It is equipped with various sensors and wireless communication technologies to collect and process data, supporting mobile apps and PC web monitoring systems for remote monitoring from anywhere.[28]In South Korea, approximately 10,000 Hyodol robots are deployed to the homes of elderly individuals living alone, providing essential support and companionship. Local governments, including provincial and county offices, have embraced Hyodol as a solution to address social challenges stemming from the country's rapidly aging society.Furthermore, the robot is widely utilized in the treatment of dementia patients at a university hospital in Gangwon province.[29]Hyodol was honored with the Mobile World Congress (MWC) Global Mobile Awards (GLOMO) in the "Best Mobile Innovation for Connected Health and Wellbeing" category on February 29, 2024.[29]
Moxie was a companion robot for autistic children developed by a company called Embodied. Although it had limited motion, it presented itself as a lifelike avatar. It was designed to help the children learn emotional cognition, using remotely hostedlarge language models to direct its responses. When the company went out of business, the robots stopped working.[30] As of December 2024[update], there were plans to create an open-source backend to keep the devices running.[31]
The advent of companion robots has faced public criticism and concern, particularly regarding the ethical dilemmas of dependency on these devices. There are fears that such dependency could threaten the crucial child-caregiver bond. Concerns also extend to the potential impact of robot-assisted childcare on child development, with specific worries about the adverse effects on emotional and social skills due to reduced human interaction.[32]
Privacy and security issues have gained prominence as well, with companion robots likeiPal capable of collecting and transmitting data, thus raising the risks of surveillance and data misuse.[32]
Besides concerns in child care, the integration of companion robots into the lives of the elderly and other vulnerable groups also raises concerns, specifically a problem of hallucinatory relationships. Individuals may begin to perceive these robots as sentient beings, leading to emotional attachments that blur the line between simulation and reality and dependency on robots. This could in turn worsen feelings of loneliness and detachment from humans. This highlights the necessity of implementing ethical guidelines and psychological support systems to navigate the complexities introduced by this technology, ensuring they serve as enhancements rather than replacements for human relationships.[33]
Companion robots have featured in numerous works of fiction, typically as part of a dystopian story. These include the TV seriesHumans andBetter than Us, and the filmsBicentennial Man,Cherry 2000,Ex Machina,M3GAN andCompanion. More positive depictions have been made in the filmsBig Hero 6,After Yang andRobot & Frank.[34]
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