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Compact car is avehicle size class—predominantly used in North America—that sits betweensubcompact cars andmid-size cars. "Small family car" is a British term and a part of theC-segment in the European car classification. However, before the downsizing of the United States car industry in the 1970s and 1980s, larger vehicles with wheelbases up to 110 in (2.79 m) were considered "compact cars" in the United States.
In Japan,small size passenger vehicle is a registration category that sits betweenkei cars and regular cars, based on overall size and engine displacement limits.
TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year (dated July 1996) includes definitions for classes of automobiles.[1] Based on the combined passenger andcargo volume, compact cars are defined as having aninterior volume index of 100–109 cu ft (2.8–3.1 m3).[2]
The beginnings of U.S. production of compact cars were the late 1940s prototypes of economy cars, including the Chevrolet Cadet and the Ford Light Car.[3]: 214 Neither car reached production in the U.S., howeverFord SAF in France bought the plans of the "small Ford" and produced theFord Vedette.[3]: 214
The first U.S.-produced postwar compact car was the 1950Nash Rambler.[4] It was built on a 100-inch (2,540 mm) wheelbase, which was nonetheless still a large car by contemporary European standards.[3]: 214 The term "compact" was coined by a Nash executive as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches (2,794 mm) or less.[5][6] It established a new market segment and the U.S. automobile industry soon adopted the "compact" term.[7][8]
Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of America's other independent automakers, although none enjoyed the long-term success of the Rambler. Other early compact cars included theKaiser-Frazer Henry J (also re-badged as theAllstate), theWillys Aero and theHudson Jet.[9]
In 1954, 64,500 cars sold in the U.S. were imports or small American cars, out of a total market of five million cars. Market research indicated that five percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car, suggesting a potential market size of 275,000 cars.[10] By 1955, the Nash Rambler that began as aconvertible model became a success and was now available instation wagon,hardtop, andsedan body styles.[11] During theRecession of 1958, the only exception to the sales decline was American Motors with its compact, economy-oriented Ramblers that saw high demand among cautious consumers.[12]
By 1959, sales of small imported cars also increased to 14% of the U.S. passenger car market, as consumers turned to compact cars.[13] By this time, smaller cars appealed to people with a college education and a higher income whose families were buying more than one car. Customers expected compact cars to provide improved fuel economy compared to full-sized cars while maintaining headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space.[10]
Between 1958 and 1960, the major U.S. car manufacturers made a push toward compact cars, resulting in the introduction of theStudebaker Lark,Chevrolet Corvair,Ford Falcon, andPlymouth Valiant.[14] These models also gave rise tocompact vans built on the compact car platforms, such as the Studebaker Zip Van,[15][16]Chevrolet Corvair Greenbrier,Ford Econoline, andDodge A100.
During the 1960s, compacts were the smallest class of North American cars, but they had evolved into only slightly smaller versions of the 6-cylinder or V8-powered six-passenger sedan. They were much larger than compacts (and sometimes even mid-sizers) by European manufacturers,[17] which were typically five-passenger four-cylinder engine cars. Nevertheless, advertising and road tests for theFord Maverick and theRambler American made comparisons with the popularVolkswagen Beetle.[18][19][20][21]
Compact cars were also the basis for a new small car segment that became known as thepony car, named after theFord Mustang, which was built on the Falcon chassis. At that time, there was a distinct difference in size between compact and full-size models. Early definitions of vehicle size class were based on wheelbase, with models under 111 inches as compact, 111 to 118 inches intermediate, and over 118 inches as full size,[citation needed] at least until EPA classes based on interior volume of the passenger and cargo compartments were introduced in the late 1970s.
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In the early 1970s, the domesticautomakers introduced even smallersubcompact cars that included theAMC Gremlin,Chevrolet Vega, andFord Pinto.[23][24]
In 1973, theEnergy Crisis started, which made small fuel-efficient cars more desirable, and the North American driver began exchanging their large cars for the smaller, imported compacts that cost less to fill up and were inexpensive to maintain.[25]
The 1977 model year marked the beginning of adownsizing of all vehicles so that cars such as theAMC Concord and theFord Fairmont that replaced the compacts were re-classified as mid-size, while cars inheriting the size of theFord Pinto andChevrolet Vega (such as theFord Escort andChevrolet Cavalier) became classified as compact cars. Even after the reclassification, mid-size American cars were still far larger than mid-size cars from other countries and were more similar in size to cars classified as "large cars" in Europe. It would not be until the 1980s that American cars were being downsized to truly international dimensions.
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In the 1985 model year, compact cars classified by the EPA included Ford's Escort and Tempo as well as the Chevrolet Cavalier.[26]For the 2019 model year, the best sellers were the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic. Since the 2000s, compact cars have grown larger, with cars such as theHonda Civic andHyundai Elantra being classified as "midsize" in 2024.[27] In addition,compact SUVs have begun to replace compact cars, with the market share ofsedans andwagons halving from 2000 to 2025.[28]
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In Japan, vehicles that are larger thankei cars, but with dimensions smaller than 4,700 mm (185.0 in) long, 1,700 mm (66.9 in) wide, 2,000 mm (78.7 in) high and with engines at or under 2,000 cc (120 cu in) are classified as "small size" cars.
Small-size cars are identified by a license plate number beginning with "5". In the past, the small size category has received tax benefits stipulated by theJapanese government regulations, such as those in the1951 Road Vehicle Act.[29]
In 1955, the JapaneseMinistry of International Trade and Industry set forth a goal to all Japanese makers at that time to create what was called a "national car". The concept stipulated that the vehicle be able to maintain a maximum speed over 100 km/h (62 mph), weigh below 400 kg (882 lbs), fuel consumption at 30 km/L (85 mpg‑imp; 71 mpg‑US) or more, at an average speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) on a level road, and not require maintenance or significant service for at least 100,000 km (62,000 mi). This established a "compact car" target that was larger than what has become known as the "light car" or thekei car.
One of the first compact cars that met those requirements was theToyota Publica with an air-cooled two-cylinder opposed engine, theDatsun 110 series, and theMitsubishi 500. The Publica and the Mitsubishi 500 were essentially "kei cars" with engines larger than regulations permitted at the time, while the Datsun was an all-new vehicle. These vehicles were followed by theHino Contessa in 1961, theIsuzu Bellett,Daihatsu Compagno andMazda Familia in 1963, theMitsubishi Colt in 1965, and theNissan Sunny,Subaru 1000, andToyota Corolla in 1966. Honda introduced its first four-door sedan in 1969, called theHonda 1300. In North America, these cars were classified assubcompact cars.
By 1970, Nissan released its first front-wheel-drive car which was originally developed byPrince Motor Company which had merged with Nissan in 1966. This was introduced in 1970 as theNissan Cherry. In 1972, theHonda Civic appeared with theCVCC engine that was able to meet California emission standards without the use of acatalytic converter.
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