TheCommunist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist organisation in Britain and was founded in 1920 through a merger of several smallerMarxist groups.[11] Many miners joined the CPGB in the1926 general strike.[12] In 1930, the CPGB founded theDaily Worker (renamed theMorning Star in 1966).[13] In 1936, members of the party were present at theBattle of Cable Street, helping organise resistance against theBritish Union of Fascists.[14] In theSpanish Civil War, the CPGB worked with the USSR to create theBritish Battalion of theInternational Brigades,[15] which party activistBill Alexander commanded.[16]
InWorld War II, the CPGB followed theComintern position, opposing or supporting the war in line with the involvement of the USSR.[17] By the end of World War II, CPGB membership had nearly tripled and the party reached the height of its popularity.[18] Many key CPGB members served as leaders of Britain's trade union movement, includingJessie Eden,David Ivon Jones,Abraham Lazarus,Ken Gill,Clem Beckett,GCT Giles,Mike Hicks, andThora Silverthorne.[19]
The CPGB's position on racial equality and anti-colonialism attracted many black activists to the party, includingTrevor Carter,Charlie Hutchison,Dorothy Kuya,Billy Strachan,Peter Blackman,George Powe,Henry Gunter,Len Johnson, andClaudia Jones, who founded London'sNotting Hill Carnival.[20] In 1956, the CPGB experienced a significant loss of members due to its support of theSoviet military intervention in Hungary.[21] In the 1960s, CPGB activists supported Vietnamese communists fighting in theVietnam War.[22] In 1984, the leader of the CPGB's youth wing,Mark Ashton, foundedLesbians and Gays Support the Miners.
From 1956 until the late 1970s, the party was funded by theSoviet Union.[11][23] After thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party'sEurocommunist leadership disbanded the party, establishing theDemocratic Left. In 1988 the anti-Eurocommunist faction launched theCommunist Party of Britain, which still exists today.[24]
The Communist Party of Great Britain was founded in 1920 after theThird International decided that greater attempts should be made to establish communist parties across the world. The CPGB was formed by the merger of several smallerMarxist parties, including theBritish Socialist Party, theCommunist Unity Group of theSocialist Labour Party and theSouth Wales Socialist Society.[25] The party also gained the support of the Guild Communists faction of theNational Guilds League, assortedshop stewards' and workers' committees, socialist clubs and individuals and many former members of theHands Off Russia campaign. Several branches and many individual members of theIndependent Labour Party also affiliated. As a member of the British Socialist Party, theMember of ParliamentCecil L'Estrange Malone joined the CPGB. A few days after the founding conference the new party published the first issue of its weekly newspaper, which was calledthe Communist and edited byRaymond Postgate.[26]
In January 1921, the CPGB was refounded after the majorities ofSylvia Pankhurst's group theCommunist Party (British Section of the Third International), and the ScottishCommunist Labour Party agreed to unity. The party benefited from a period of increased political radicalism in Britain just after theFirst World War and theRussian Revolution of October 1917, and was also represented in Britain by theRed Clydeside movement.[27][28]
During the negotiations leading to the initiation of the party, a number of issues were hotly contested. Among the most contentious were the questions of "parliamentarism" and the attitude of the Communist Party to theLabour Party.[29] "Parliamentarism" referred to a strategy of contesting elections and working through existing parliaments. It was a strategy associated with the parties of theSecond International and it was partly for this reason that it was opposed by those who wanted to break withSocial Democracy. Critics contended that parliamentarism had caused the old parties to become devoted to reformism because it had encouraged them to place more importance on winning votes than on working forsocialism, that it encouraged opportunists and place-seekers into the ranks of the movement and that it constituted an acceptance of the legitimacy of the existing governing institutions ofcapitalism. Similarly, affiliation to the Labour Party was opposed on the grounds that communists should not work with 'reformist' Social Democratic parties. TheseLeft Communist positions enjoyed considerable support, being supported by Sylvia Pankhurst andWillie Gallacher among others. However, theRussian Communist Party took the opposing view. In 1920,Vladimir Lenin argued in his essay"Left Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder that the CPs should work with reformist trade unions and social democratic parties because these were the existing organisations of the working class. Lenin argued that if such organisations gained power, they would demonstrate that they were not really on the side of the working class, thus workers would become disillusioned and come over to supporting the Communist Party. Lenin's opinion prevailed eventually.
Initially, therefore, the CPGB attempted to work within the Labour Party, which at this time operated mainly as a federation ofleft-wing bodies, only having allowed individual membership since 1918. However, despite the support ofJames Maxton, theIndependent Labour Party leader, the Labour Party decided against the affiliation of the Communist Party. Even while pursuing affiliation and seeking to influence Labour Party members, however, the CPGB promoted candidates of its own at parliamentary elections.
Following the refusal of their affiliation, the CPGB encouraged its members to join the Labour Party individually and to seek Labour Party endorsement or help for any candidatures. Several Communists thus became Labour Party candidates, and in the1922 general election,Shapurji Saklatvala andWalton Newbold were both elected. As late as 1923 theNational Executive Committee of the Labour Party endorsed Communist parliamentary candidates, and 38 Communists attended the 1923Labour Party Conference.[30]
In 1923, the party renamed its newspaper as theWorkers Weekly.[26] In 1923, the Workers' Weekly published a letter byJ. R. Campbell urgingBritish Army soldiers not to fire on striking workers. TheLabour government of Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald prosecuted him under the Incitement to Disaffection Act but withdrew the charges upon review. This led to theLiberal Party introducing a motion to establish an inquiry into the Labour government, which led to its resignation.[31]
The affair of the forgedZinoviev Letter occurred during the subsequentgeneral election late October 1924. Intended to suggest that the Communist Party in Britain was engaged in subversive activities among theBritish Armed Forces and elsewhere, the forgery's aim was to promote the electoral chances of theConservative Party in the general election of 29 October; it was probably the work ofSIS (MI6) orWhite Russian counter-revolutionaries.[32][33]
After Labour lost to the Conservative Party in the election, it blamed the Zinoviev Letter for its defeat.[31] In the aftermath of the Campbell Case and the Zinoviev letter, Labour expelled Communist Party members and banned them from running as its parliamentary candidates in the future. After the1926 British general strike, it also disbanded 26Constituency Labour Parties which resisted the ruling or were otherwise deemed too sympathetic to the Communist Party.[30]
Throughout the 1920s and most of the 1930s, the CPGB decided to maintain the doctrine that a communist party should consist of revolutionary cadres and not be open to all applicants. The CPGB as the British section of theCommunist International was committed to implementing the decisions of the higher body to which it was subordinate.[34]
This proved to be a mixed blessing in theGeneral Strike of 1926 immediately prior to which much of the central leadership of the CPGB was imprisoned. Twelve were charged with "seditious conspiracy". Five were jailed for a year and the others for six months.[35] Another major problem for the party was its policy of abnegating its own role and calling upon theGeneral Council of the Trades Union Congress to play a revolutionary role.[36]
Nonetheless, during the strike itself and during the long drawn-out agony of the following Miners' Strike, the members of the CPGB were to the fore in defending the strike and in attempting to develop solidarity with the miners. The result was that membership of the party in mining areas increased greatly through 1926 and 1927. Many of these gains would be lost during theThird Period, but the influence was developed in certain areas that would continue until the party's demise decades later.
The CPGB did succeed in creating a layer of militants very committed to the party and its policies, although this support was concentrated in particular trades, specifically in heavy engineering, textiles and mining, and in addition, tended to be concentrated regionally too in the coalfields, certain industrial cities such asGlasgow and in JewishEast London. Indeed,Maerdy in theRhondda Valley along withChopwell in Tyne and Wear were two of a number of communities known asLittle Moscow for their Communist tendencies.[37]
During the 1920s, the CPGB clandestinely worked to train the future leaders of India's first communist party.[38] Some of the key activists charged with this task,Philip Spratt andBen Bradley, were later arrested and convicted as a part of theMeerut Conspiracy Case.[38] Their trial helped to raise British public awareness ofBritish colonialism in India, and caused massive public outrage over their treatment. At the same time, Asian and African delegates to the Comintern such asHo Chi Minh,M. N. Roy, andSen Katayama criticized the GBCP for neglecting colonial issues in India andIreland.[39]
But this support built during the party's first years was imperilled during the Third Period from 1929 to 1932, the Third Period being the so-called period of renewed revolutionary advance as it was dubbed by the (nowStalinised) leadership of theComintern. The result of this "class against class" policy was that the Social Democratic and Labourite parties were seen as just as much a threat as thefascist parties and were therefore described as beingsocial-fascist. Any kind of alliance with "social-fascists" was obviously to be prohibited.[40]
The Third Period also meant that the CPGB sought to develop revolutionary trade unions in rivalry to the establishedTrades Union Congress affiliated unions. They met with an almost total lack of success although a tiny handful of "red" unions were formed, amongst them a miners union in Scotland and tailoring union in East London.Arthur Horner, the Communist leader of the Welsh miners, fought off attempts to found a similar union on his patch.
But even if the Third Period was by all conventional standards a total political failure it was the 'heroic' period of British communism and one of its campaigns did have impact beyond its ranks. This was theNational Unemployed Workers' Movement led byWal Hannington. Increasing unemployment had caused a substantial increase in the number of CP members, especially those drawn from engineering, lacking work. This cadre of which Hannington andHarry MacShane in Scotland were emblematic, found a purpose in building the NUWM which resulted in a number of marches on theunemployment issue during the 1930s. Although born in the Third Period during theGreat Depression, the NUWM was a major campaigning body throughout thePopular Front period too, only being dissolved in 1941.[41]
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After the victory ofAdolf Hitler inGermany, the Third Period was dropped by all Communist Parties as they switched to the policy of thePopular Front. This policy argued that as fascism was the main danger to the workers' movement, it needed to ally itself with all anti-fascist forces including right-wing democratic parties. In Britain, this policy expressed itself in the efforts of the CPGB to forge an alliance with the Labour Party and even with forces to the right of Labour.
In the1935 general election Willie Gallacher was elected as the Communist Party's firstMP in six years, and their first MP elected against Labour opposition. Gallacher sat forWest Fife inScotland, a coal mining region in which it had considerable support. During the 1930s the CPGB opposed theNational Government'sEuropean policy ofappeasement towardsNazi Germany andFascist Italy. On thestreets the party members played a leading role in the struggle against theBritish Union of Fascists, led bySir Oswald Mosley whoseBlackshirts tried to emulate the Nazis inanti-Semitic actions in London and other major British cities.[42] The Communist Party's Oxford branch under the leadership ofAbraham Lazarus managed to successfully contain and defeat the rise of fascism in the city of Oxford, forcing the Blackshirts to retreat from the town and into the relative safety of Oxford University after theBattle of Carfax.
With the beginning of theSecond World War in 1939, the CPGB initially continued to support the struggle on two fronts (against Chamberlain at home and Nazi fascism abroad). Following theMolotov–Ribbentrop nonaggression pact on 23 August between the Soviet Union and Germany, the Comintern changed its position, describing the war as the product of imperialism on both sides, in which the working class had no side to take.[43] The CPGB central committee followed the directive, changing to an anti-war stance. This change was opposed byHarry Pollitt andJ. R. Campbell, the editor of theDaily Worker, and both were relieved of their duties in October 1939.[44] Pollitt was replaced byPalme Dutt. From 1939 until 1941 the CPGB was very active in supporting strikes and in denouncing the government for its pursuit of the war.
However, when in 1941 theSoviet Union was invaded by Germany, the CPGB came out in support of the war on the grounds of defense of the Soviet Union against fascism. Pollitt was restored to his former position as Party Secretary. The party then launched a campaign for a Second Front in order to support the USSR and speed the defeat of theAxis powers. In industry, they now opposedstrike action and supported the Joint Production Committees,[45] which aimed to increase productivity, and supported theNational Government that was led byWinston Churchill (Conservative) andClement Attlee (Labour). At the same time, given the influence of Rajani Palme Dutt in the Party, the issue ofIndian independence and theindependence of colonies was emphasised.[46]
In the1945 general election, the Communist Party received 103,000 votes, and two Communists were elected asmembers of parliament: Willie Gallacher was returned, andPhil Piratin was newly elected[47] as the MP forMile End inLondon's East End. Harry Pollitt failed by only 972 votes to take theRhondda East constituency. Both Communist MPs, however, lost their seats in the1950 general election. The Party was keen to demonstrate its loyalty to Britain's industrial competitiveness as a stepping point towards socialism. At the 19th Congress, Harry Pollitt asked rhetorically, "Why do we need to increase production?" He answered: "To pay for what we are compelled to import. To retain our independence as a nation."[48]
The party's membership peaked during 1943, reaching around 60,000.[47] Despite boasting some leading intellectuals, especially among theCommunist Party Historians Group, the party was still tiny compared to its continental European counterparts. TheFrench Communist Party for instance had 800,000 members, and theItalian Communist Party had 1.7 million members, beforeBenito Mussolini outlawed it in 1926.[47] The Party tried, unsuccessfully, to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1935, 1943 and 1946.[49]
In 1951, the party issued a programme,The British Road to Socialism (officially adopted at the 22nd Congress in April 1952), which explicitly advocated the possibility of a peaceful transition to socialism – but only after it had been personally approved byJoseph Stalin himself, according to some historians.[50] The BRS would remain the programme of the CPGB until its dissolution in 1991 albeit in amended form and today is the programme of the breakawayCommunist Party of Britain.
From the war years to 1956 the CPGB was at the height of its influence in the labour movement with many union officials who were members. Not only did it have immense influence in theNational Union of Mineworkers but it was extremely influential in theElectrical Trade Union and in theAmalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, a key blue-collar union. In addition, much of the Labour Party left was strongly influenced by the party. Dissidents were few, perhaps the most notable beingEric Heffer, the future Labour MP who left the party in the late 1940s.[citation needed]
In 1954, the party solidified its opposition toBritish racial segregation, with the publication ofA Man's a Man: A Study of the Colour Bar in Birmingham.[51][52] Although the Communists had always opposed bothracial segregation and British colonialism, this publication made clearer the party's position, and also had an enduring influence on British anti-racist politics outside the party.[52]
Thedeath of Stalin in 1953, and theuprising in East Germany the same year had little direct influence on the CPGB, but they were harbingers of what was to come. Of more importance wasNikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" at the20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in which he denounced Stalin. According toGeorge Matthews, Khrushchev made a deal with the CPGB to provide a secret annual donation to the party of more than £100,000 in used notes.[53] ThePoznań protests of 1956 disrupted not only the CPGB, but many other Communist Parties as well. The CPGB was to experience its greatest ever loss of membership as a result of theWarsaw Pact's crushing of the1956 Hungarian Revolution.[54] "[T]he events of 1956 ... saw the loss of between one-quarter and one-third of Party members, including many leading intellectuals."[47] This event was initially covered in the CPGB-sponsoredDaily Worker, by correspondentPeter Fryer, but as events unfolded the stories were spiked. On his return to Britain Fryer resigned from theDaily Worker and was expelled from the party.[47]
After the calamitous events of 1956, the party increasingly functioned as a pressure group, seeking to use its well-organised base in the trade union movement to push the Labour Party leftwards. Trade unionists in the party in 1968 includedJohn Tocher, George Wake, Dick Etheridge and Cyril Morton (AEU);Mick McGahey, Arthur True and Sammy Moore (NUM);Lou Lewis (UCATT) and Max Morris (NUT).Ken Gill became the party's first elected officer (Deputy General Secretary of DATA, laterTASS) in 1968 and former party memberHugh Scanlon was elected president of the AEU with Broad Left support – defeatingReg Birch, the Maoist ex-party candidate. The Broad Left went on to help electRay Buckton (ASLEF),Ken Cameron (FBU),Alan Sapper (ACTT) andJack Jones (TGWU) in 1969. Gerry Pocock, Assistant Industrial Organiser described the industrial department as "a party within a party", andMarxism Today editorJames Klugmann would routinely defer to Industrial OrganiserBert Ramelson on matters of policy.[55]
The party's orientation, though, was to the left union officers, not the rank and file. Historian Geoff Andrews explains "it was the role of the shop stewards in organising the Broad Lefts and influencing trade union leaders that were the key rather than organising the rank and file in defiance of leaderships", and so the party withdrew from rank-and-file organisations like theBuilding Workers' Charter and attacked "Trotskyist" tactics at thePilkington Glass dispute in 1970.[56]
Still the party's efforts to establish an electoral base repeatedly failed. They retained a handful of seats in local councils scattered around Britain, but the CPGB's only representative in Parliament was in theHouse of Lords, gained whenWogan Philipps, the son of a ship-owner and a long-standing member of the CPGB inherited the title ofLord Milford whenhis father died in 1963.[citation needed]
TheDaily Worker was renamed theMorning Star in 1966. At the same time, the party became increasingly polarised between those who sought to maintain close relations with the Soviet Union and those who sought to convert the party into a force independent of Moscow.[citation needed]
TheSino-Soviet split in 1961 led to divisions within many Communist Parties but there was little pro-Beijing sympathy in the relatively small British Party. Perhaps the best known of the tiny minority of CPGB members who opposed the Moscow line was Michael McCreery, who formed theCommittee to Defeat Revisionism, for Communist Unity. This tiny group left the CPGB by 1963. McCreery himself died inNew Zealand in 1965. Later a more significant group formed aroundReg Birch, an engineering union official, established theCommunist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). Initially, this group supported the position of theChinese Communist Party during the Sino-Soviet split.[citation needed]
Divisions in the CPGB concerning the autonomy of the party from Moscow reached a crisis in 1968 when Warsaw Pact forcesinvaded Czechoslovakia. The CPGB, with memories of 1956 in mind, responded with some very mild criticism of Moscow, refusing to call it an invasion, preferring "intervention". Three days after the invasion,John Gollan said "we completely understand the concern of the Soviet Union about the security of the socialist camp ... we speak as true friends of the Soviet Union".[57]
Even this response provoked a small localised split by the so-calledAppeal Group which was in many respects a precursor of the 1977 split which formed theNew Communist Party. From this time onwards, the most traditionally-minded elements in the CPGB were referred to as 'Tankies' by their internal opponents, due to their support of the Warsaw Pact forces. Others within the party leaned increasingly towards the position ofEurocommunism, which was the leading tendency within the important Communist parties of Italy and, later, Spain.[citation needed]
In the late-1960s, and probably much earlier,MI5 had hidden surveillance microphones in the CPGB's headquarters, which MI5 regarded as "very productive".[58]
The last strong electoral performance of the CPGB was in theFebruary 1974 General Election inDunbartonshire Central, where candidateJimmy Reid won almost 6,000 votes. However, this strong result was primarily a personal vote for Reid, who was a prominent localtrade union leader and gained much support because of his prominent role in theUpper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in, which had taken place a few years earlier and was seen as having saved local jobs. Nationally the party's vote continued its decline: according to a contemporary joke, the CPGB at this time pursuedthe British Road to Lost Deposits.
According to historian Geoff Andrews, "The mid-1970s sawGramscians" (otherwise known asEuro-Communists) "take leading positions within the party".[59]Dave Cook became National Organiser in 1975 andSue Slipman was appointed to the executive committee and to theMarxism Today editorial board. Jon Bloomfield, former Student Organiser became the West Midlands District Secretary.Pete Carter prominent inUCATT, had been gaining influence since the late 60s and was appointed National Industrial Organiser in 1982.[60]Beatrix Campbell (a contributor, with Slipman, toRed Rag) and Judith Hunt became active in the National Women's Advisory Committee.Martin Jacques, on the executive committee since 1967, replacedJames Klugmann as editor ofMarxism Today in 1977. Its turn to Eurocommunism was prefigured by what Andrews describes as Sarah Benton's "radical and heretical" stint as editor of the fortnightly reviewComment.[61] Critics from the past, likeEric Hobsbawm and Monty Johnstone, also gained influence.
The Euro-Communists in the party apparatus were starting to challenge the authority of the trade union organisers. At the 1975 Congress, economist Dave Purdy proposed that "the labour movement should declare its willingness to accept voluntary pay restraint as a contribution to the success of the programme and a way of easing the transition to a socialist economy"[62] – a challenge to the Industrial Department's policy of "free collective bargaining". An argument he reiterated in print inThe Leveller in 1979.[63]
The growing crisis in the party also affected the credibility of its leadership, as formerly senior and influential members left its ranks. In 1976, three of its top engineering cadres resigned.Jimmy Reid, Cyril Morton andJohn Tocher had all been members of the Political Committee, playing a crucial role in determining the direction of the party. Like another engineer, Bernard Panter, who left a few months before them, they jumped a sinking ship.
According tothe Party's official historian, this period was marked by a growing division between the practitioners ofcultural politics – heavily inspired by the writings ofAntonio Gramsci and party's powerful industrial department which advocated a policy ofmilitant labourism.[citation needed]
The cultural politics wing had dominated the party's youth wing in the 1960s and was also powerful in the student section. As such many of its members were academics or professional intellectuals (or in the view of their opponents, out of touch and middle class). They were influenced by the environmental and especially thefeminist movement.
The other wing was powerful in senior levels of the trade union movement (though few actually reached the very top in the unions) and despite the party's decline in numbers were able to drive theTUC's policy of opposing theIndustrial Relations Act. In the view of their opponents on the cultural or Eurocommunist wing,they were out of touch with the real changes in working people's lives and attitudes.
As the seventies progressed and as industrial militancy declined in the face of high unemployment, the tensions in the party rose even as its membership continued to decline.
By 1977, debate around the new draft of theBritish Road to Socialism brought the party to breaking point. Many of the anti-Eurocommunists decided that they needed to form their own anti-revisionist Communist party. Some speculated at the time that they would receive the backing of Moscow, but such support appears not to have materialised. TheNew Communist Party of Britain was formed under the leadership ofSid French, who was the secretary of the important Surrey District CP, which had a strong base in engineering.
Another grouping, led by Fergus Nicholson, remained in the party and launched the paperStraight Left. This served as an outlet for their views as well as an organising tool in their work within the Labour Party. Nicholson had earlier taken part in establishing a faction known as "Clause Four" withinLabour's student movement. Nicholson wrote as "Harry Steel", a combination of the names of Stalin ("man of steel" in Russian) and Harry Pollitt. The group aroundStraight Left exerted considerable influence in the trade union movement,CND, theAnti-Apartheid Movement and amongst some Labour MPs.
Under the influence ofEric Hobsbawm on the opposing wing of the party,Martin Jacques became the editor of the party's theoretical journalMarxism Today and rapidly made it a significant publication for Eurocommunist opinions in the party, and eventually for revisionist tendencies in the widerliberal-left, in particular for thesoft left aroundNeil Kinnock in the Labour Party. Although the circulation of the magazine rose it was still a drain on the finances of the small party.
As early as 1983, Martin Jacques "thought the CP was unreformable ... but stayed in because he needed its subsidy to continue publishingMarxism Today." Jacques' conviction that the party was finished "came as a nasty shock to some of his comrades" like Nina Temple, who "as unhappy as Jacques himself, stayed on only out of loyalty to Jacques."[64]
In 1984, a long-simmering dispute between the majority of the leadership and an anti-Eurocommunist faction (associated with party industrial and trade union activists) flared up when the London District Congress was closed down for insisting on giving full rights to comrades who had been suspended by the executive committee. After the General Secretary closed the Congress a number of members remained in the room (inCounty Hall inSouth London) and held what was, in effect, the founding meeting of a breakaway party, although the formal split did not come until four years later. Members of the minority faction set about founding a network ofMorning Star readers' groups and similar bodies, calling themselves theCommunist Campaign Group. In 1988, these elements formally split from the CPGB to organise a new party known as the Communist Party of Britain. This was considered by many in the anti-Eurocommunist faction, including national executive members likeBarry Williams, to be the death of the 'Party'.
In 1991, when theSoviet Union collapsed, the Eurocommunist-dominated leadership of the CPGB, led byNina Temple,decided to disband the party, and establish theDemocratic Left, a left-leaning politicalthink tank rather than a political party.[11] The Democratic Left itself dissolved in 1999 and was replaced by theNew Politics Network, which in turn merged withCharter 88 in 2007.[11] This merger formedUnlock Democracy, which was involved in thecampaign for a yes vote in the2011 Alternative Vote referendum.[11]
Some Scottish members formed theCommunist Party of Scotland, while others formedDemocratic Left Scotland and Democratic Left Wales Chwith Ddemocrataidd. Supporters ofThe Leninist who had rejoined the CPGB in the early 1980s declared their intention to reforge the Party and held an emergency conference at which they claimed the name of the party. They are now known as theCommunist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee) and they publish theWeekly Worker. But the Communist Party of Britain is the designated 'Communist Party' in the UK by theElectoral Commission. In 2008 members of theParty of the European Left, which contains several former communist parties in Europe, established a non-electoral British section.[65]
The party began with 4000 members at its founding congress. It experienced a brief surge around the1926 general strike, doubling its membership from 5,000 to over 10,000. This surge was short-lived, however, as membership eventually sank down to 2,350 by 1930.[66] The party reached its peak in 1942 at 56,000 members. This reflected the popularity of the party in the active phase of the Second World War. In the post-war period, the membership began declining, culminating in the sudden loss of around 6,000 members in 1957, around the aftermath of theSoviet intervention in Hungary. From that point, the party gradually recovered into the early 1960s; however, it began slowly shrinking again in 1965. The downward trend continued until the leadership pushed for the dissolution of the party in 1991. The final congress recorded an overall figure of 4,742 members.
| Election year | # of total votes | % of overall vote | # of seats won |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1922[67] | 30,684 | 0.2% | 1 |
| 1923[68] | 34,258 | 0.2% | 0 |
| 1924[69] | 51,176 | 0.2% | 1 |
| 1929[70] | 47,554 | 0.2% | 0 |
| 1931[71] | 69,692 | 0.3% | 0 |
| 1935[71] | 27,177 | 0.1% | 1 |
| 1945[71] | 97,945 | 0.4% | 2 |
| 1950[71] | 91,765 | 0.3% | 0 |
| 1951[71] | 21,640 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1955[71] | 33,144 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1959[71] | 30,896 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1964[71] | 46,442 | 0.2% | 0 |
| 1966[71] | 62,092 | 0.2% | 0 |
| 1970[71] | 37,970 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1974 (Feb.)[71] | 32,743 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1974 (Oct.)[71] | 17,426 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1979[71] | 16,858 | 0.1% | 0 |
| 1983[71] | 11,606 | 0.0% | 0 |
| 1987[71] | 6,078 | 0.0% | 0 |
| General Secretary (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Prime Minister (term) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert Inkpin (1884–1944) | 31 July 1920 | July 1928[c] | Lloyd George 1916–22 | |
| Law 1922–23 | ||||
| Baldwin 1923–24 | ||||
| MacDonald 1924 | ||||
| Baldwin 1924–29 | ||||
| J. R. Campbell (1894–1969) | February 1929[d] | May 1929 | ||
| Harry Pollitt (1890–1960) (1st time) | July 1929[e] | October 1939 | MacDonald 1929–35 | |
| Baldwin 1935–37 | ||||
| Chamberlain 1937–40 | ||||
| Rajani Palme Dutt (1896–1974) | October 1939 | June 1941 | ||
| Churchill 1940–45 | ||||
| Harry Pollitt (1890–1960) (2nd time) | June 1941 | 13 May 1956 | ||
| Attlee 1945–51 | ||||
| Churchill 1951–55 | ||||
| Eden 1955–57 | ||||
| John Gollan (1911–1977) | 13 May 1956 | 11 March 1975 | ||
| Macmillan 1957–63 | ||||
| Douglas-Home 1963-4 | ||||
| Wilson 1964–70 | ||||
| Heath 1970–74 | ||||
| Wilson 1974–76 | ||||
| Gordon McLennan (1924–2011) | 11 March 1975 | 13/14 January 1990 | ||
| Callaghan 1976–79 | ||||
| Thatcher 1979–90 | ||||
| Nina Temple (1956–) | 13/14 January 1990 | 23 November 1991 | ||
| Major 1990–97 | ||||
The congresses appointed/elected theExecutive Committee.[72]
| Year | Name | Location | Dates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Foundation Congress | Cannon Street Hotel, London International Socialist Club, London | 31 July – 1 August | |
| 1921 | 2nd Congress | Victory Hotel, Leeds | 29–30 January | |
| 1921 | 3rd Congress | Manchester | 23–24 April | |
| 1922 | 4th Congress | St Pancras Town Hall, London | 18–19 March | |
| 1922 | 5th Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 7–8 October | |
| 1924 | 6th Congress | Caxton Hall, Salford | 16–18 May | |
| 1925 | 7th Congress | St Mungo Hall, Glasgow | 30 May – 1 June | |
| 1926 | 8th Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 16–17 October | |
| 1927 | 9th Congress | Caxton Hall, Salford | 8–10 October | |
| 1929 | 10th Congress | Bermondsey Town Hall, London | 19–22 January | |
| 1929 | 11th Congress | Leeds | 30 November – 3 December | |
| 1932 | 12th Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 12–15 November | |
| 1935 | 13th Congress | Manchester | 2–5 February | |
| 1937 | 14th Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 29–31 May | |
| 1938 | 15th Congress | Birmingham Town Hall, Birmingham | 16–19 September | |
| 1943 | 16th Congress | London | 3–4 October | |
| 1944 | 17th Congress | Shoreditch Town Hall, London | 28–29 October | |
| 1945 | 18th Congress | Seymour Hall, London | 24–26 November | |
| 1947 | 19th Congress | Seymour Hall, London | 22–24 February | |
| 1948 | 20th Congress | Seymour Hall, London | 21–23 February | |
| 1949 | 21st Congress | Liverpool | 26–28 November | |
| 1952 | 22nd Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 11–14 April | |
| 1954 | 23rd Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 16–19 April | |
| 1956 | 24th Congress | Battersea Town Hall, London | 30 March – 2 April | |
| 1957 | 25th Congress | Hammersmith Town Hall, London | 19–22 April | |
| 1959 | 26th Congress | St Pancras Town Hall, London | 27–30 March | |
| 1961 | 27th Congress | St Pancras Town Hall, London | 31 March – 3 April | |
| 1963 | 28th Congress | St Pancras Town Hall, London | 12–15 April | |
| 1965 | 29th Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 27–30 November | |
| 1967 | 30th Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 25–28 November | |
| 1969 | 31st Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 15–18 November | |
| 1971 | 32nd Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 13–16 November | |
| 1973 | 33rd Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 10–12 November | |
| 1975 | 34th Congress | Camden Town Hall, London | 15–18 November | |
| 1977 | 35th Congress | 12–15 November | ||
| 1979 | 36th Congress | St Pancras Assembly Room, London | 10–13 November | |
| 1981 | 37th Congress | Camden Centre, London | 14–17 November | |
| 1983 | 38th Congress | 12–15 November | ||
| 1985 | 39th Congress | 18–20 May | ||
| 1987 | 40th Congress | 14–17 November | ||
| 1989 | 41st Congress | 25–28 November | ||
| 1990 | 42nd Congress | 8–9 December | ||
| 1991 | 43rd Congress | Congress House, London | 22–24 November |
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"Tankie" is apejorative term referring to those members of the Communist Party of Great Britain who followed theKremlinline, agreeing with the crushing of the revolution inHungary and later thePrague Spring by Soviettanks; or more broadly, those who followed a traditional pro-Soviet position.[76][77]
The term originated as a phrase for British hardline members of the Communist Party. Journalist Peter Paterson askedAmalgamated Engineering Union officialReg Birch about his election to the CPGB Executive after the Hungarian invasion:
When I asked him how he could possibly have sided with the "tankies", so called because of the use of Russian tanks to quell the revolt, he said "they wanted a trade unionist who could stomach Hungary, and I fitted the bill."[78][f]
The support of the invasion of Hungary was disastrous for the party's credibility.[76] The CPGB opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, though a hardline faction supported it. The party's newspaper, theMorning Star, was banned in the Warsaw Pact countries during that time, as the paper opposed the invasion.[citation needed]
The term is currently used in a somewhat broader sense inInternet slang to refer to any practitioner offar-left politics, especiallyMarxism–Leninism orMaoism, and particularly those who refute the accusations ofauthoritarianism and human rights abuses of certain Marxist states, such as the former Soviet Union, China, Cuba and Vietnam.[79][80]
Dave Purdy went so far as to argue that the CP should not oppose incomes policies in principle: 'The issue for socialists is not whether, but how and on what terms to enter the process of debate and negotiation surrounding policies for pay ... The current tendency to climb aboard the bandwagon of disillusionment with the social contract, and to identify progress with every fresh pay dispute, is sadly mistaken. It is leading away from a coherent socialist strategy for Britain. The main reason for this assertion is that the key to contemporary socialist strategy lies in the unification of diverse areas of struggle and the creation of a broad social and political alliance around consensus over at least the main directions of social and economic policy.'
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