Juniperus communis is highly variable in form, ranging from 10 metres (33 feet)—rarely 16 m (52 ft)—tall to a low, oftenprostrate spreadingshrub in exposed locations. It has needle-likeleaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, with a single whitestomatal band on the inner surface. It never attains the scale-like adult foliage of other members of the genus.[3]: 55 It isdioecious, with male and female cones on separate plants so requiringwind pollination to transfer pollen from male to female cones. Male trees or shrubs naturally live longer than female trees or shrubs; a male tree or shrub can live more than 2000 years.[4][5][6][7]
The male cones are yellow, 2–3 millimetres (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) long, and fall soon after shedding theirpollen in March–April. The fruit areberry-likecones known asjuniper berries. They are initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a bluewaxy coating; they are spherical,4–12 mm (5⁄32–15⁄32 in) diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard, unwinged seeds in their droppings.[8][9][10]
Dendrochronological studies made on shrubs from thetundra have found some particularly old specimens, which are among the oldest trees (or shrubs) ever recorded in Europe. They have found a 1647-year-old specimen in Finland (Lapland) within theArctic Circle.[11]
As to be expected from its wide range,J. communis is highly variable, with several infraspecific taxa; delimitation between the taxa is still uncertain, with genetic data not matching morphological data well.[8][9][10][13][14][15][16]
subsp.communis – Common juniper. Usually an erect shrub or small tree; leaves8–27 mm (5⁄16–1+1⁄16 in) long; cones small, 5–8 mm, usually shorter than the leaves; found at low to moderate altitude in temperate climates
subsp.communis var.communis – Europe, most of northern Asia
subsp.communis var.nipponica(Maxim.) E.H.Wilson – Japan (status uncertain, often treated asJ. rigida var.nipponica)
subsp.alpina(Suter) Čelak. –alpine juniper (syn.J. c. subsp.nana,J. c. var.saxatilis Pallas,J. sibirica Burgsd.). Usually a prostrate ground-hugging shrub; leaves short, 3–8 mm; cones often larger, 7–12 mm, usually longer than the leaves; found in subarctic areas and high altitude alpine zones in temperate areas
subsp.alpina var.alpina – Greenland, Europe and Asia
subsp.alpina var.jackiiRehder – Western North America (doubtfully distinct from var.alpina)
Some botanists treat subsp.alpina at the lower rank of variety, in which case the correct name isJ. communis var.saxatilis Pallas,[9] though the nameJ. communis var.montana is also occasionally cited; others, primarily in eastern Europe and Russia, sometimes treat it as a distinct speciesJ. sibirica Burgsd. (syn.J. nana Willd.,J. alpina S.F.Gray).[17]
The species has the largest geographical range of anywoody plant, with acircumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperateNorthern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia.[18] Relict populations can be found in theAtlas Mountains of Africa.[18]
J. communis is one ofIreland's longest established plants.[19]
J. communis wood pieces, with aU.S. penny for scale, showing the narrowgrowth rings of the species
It is too small to have any generallumber usage. InScandinavia, however, juniperwood is used for making containers for storing small quantities ofdairy products such asbutter andcheese, and also for making wooden butter knives. It was also frequently used fortrenails in wooden shipbuilding byshipwrights for its tough properties.
In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma, very decorative natural structure of wood (growth rings) as well as good physical properties of wood due to slow growth rate of juniper and resulting dense and strong wood. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.
According to the old tradition, onEaster MondayKashubian (Northern Poland) boys chase girls whipping their legs gently with juniper twigs. This is to bring good fortune in love to the chased girls.
Juniper wood, especially burl wood, is frequently used to make knife handles for French pocketknives such as theLaguiole.
Itsastringent blue-black seed cones, commonly known as juniper berries, are too bitter to eat raw and are usually sold dried and used to flavourmeats,sauces, andstuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. Since juniper berries have a strong taste, they should be used sparingly. They are generally used to enhance meat with a strong flavour, such asgame, including game birds, ortongue.
The cones are used to flavour certain beers andgin (the word "gin" derives from an Old French word meaning "juniper").[27] InFinland, juniper is used as a key ingredient in makingsahti, a traditional Finnish ale. Also the Slovak alcoholic beverageBorovička and DutchJenever are flavoured with juniper berry or its extract.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the use of juniper in brewing may date back to at least the early medieval period. Juniper remains have been found at migration period and early Merovingian sites in southwestern Germany, indicating it may have been used to flavor beverages like beer as early as the 3rd to 6th centuries AD.[28]
Juniper is used in the traditional farmhouse ales of Norway,[29] Sweden,[30] Finland,[31] Estonia, and Latvia. In Norway, the beer is brewed with juniper infusion instead of water, while in the other countries the juniper twigs are mainly used as filters to prevent the crushed malts from clogging the outlet of thelauter tun. The use of juniper in farmhouse brewing has been common in much of northern Europe, seemingly for a very long time.[32]
Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures including theNavajo people.[33] Western American tribes combined the berries ofJ. communis withBerberis root bark in a herbal tea. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a femalecontraceptive.[34]
Juniper leaves were found to harbor fungi with potent anti-fungal compounds,[35] includingibrexafungerp, which is now FDA approved to treat fungal infections.
^Adams, R. P., Pandey, R. N., Leverenz, J. W., Dignard, N., Hoegh, K., & Thorfinnsson, T. (2003). Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis: Historical Biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting.Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 181–192pdf file.Archived 17 December 2008 at theWayback Machine.
^Adams, R. P., & Pandey, R. N. (2003). Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting.Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 1271-1278.pdf fileArchived 17 December 2008 at theWayback Machine
^Adams, R. P., & Nguyen, S. (2007). Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America.Phytologia 89 (1): 43–57.pdf file.Archived 17 December 2008 at theWayback Machine.
^abBo Mossberg; Lennart Stenberg (2020).Nordens flora (in Danish) (Nye, udvidede og omarbejdede udgave ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.ISBN978-87-02-28916-9.OCLC1158895781.
^Preston, S. J.; Wilson, C.; Jennings, S.; Provan, J.; McDonald, R. A. (2007). "The status ofJuniperus communis L. in Northern Ireland in 2005".Ir. Nat. J.28:372–378.
^Shorter Oxford English dictionary (6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.ISBN978-0-19-920687-2.
^Rösch, M. (2008). New aspects of agriculture and diet of the early medieval period in central Europe: waterlogged plant material from sites in south-western Germany. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17(1), 225–238.
^Brewing and beer traditions in Norway: The socialanthropological background of the brewing industry, Odd Nordland, Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
^Gotlandsdricka: Traditionell kultur som regional identitetssymbol, Anders Salomonsson, Skrifter utg. av Etnologiska sallskapet i Lund, 1979,ISBN917400106X .
^Vom Halm zum Fass: Die volkstumlichen Alkoholarmen : Getreidegetranke in Finnland, Matti Räsänen, Kansatieteellinen arkisto, 1975.
^Tilford, Gregory L. (1997).Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Mountain Press Publishing Company.ISBN978-0-87842-359-0.
^Peláez F, Cabello A, Platas G, Díez MT, González del Val A, Basilio A, Martán I, Vicente F, Bills GE, Giacobbe RA, Schwartz RE, Onish JC, Meinz MS, Abruzzo GK, Flattery AM, Kong L, Kurtz MB (2010). "The discovery of enfumafungin, a novel antifungal compound produced by an endophytic Hormonema species biological activity and taxonomy of the producing organisms".Syst Appl Microbiol.23 (3):333–343.doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(00)80062-4.PMID11108011.
