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Commander-in-Chief, English Channel (Royal Navy)

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Commander-in-Chief, English Channel
Active	1709-1746
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Type	Squadron
Role	Cruising, and patrolling
Part of	Royal Navy
Garrison/HQ	Spithead,Hampshire,England
Commanders
Notable commanders	AdmiralSir John Norris

Military unit

TheCommander-in-Chief, English Channel or formallyCommander-in-Chief, of His Majesty's Ships in the Channel was a senior commander of theRoyal Navy. TheSpithead Station^[1] was a name given to the units, establishments, and staff operating under the post from 1709 to 1746. Following AdmiralLord Anson new appointment asCommander-in-Chief, English Channel this office was amalgamated with the office ofCommander-in-Chief, Portsmouth.

History

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Initially the English Navy had organized its fleet into sub-commands namelysquadrons from at least 1205^[2] and certainly during the 16th century. Achannel squadron was operating out ofPortsmouth from around 1512. By 1560 The Navy Royal had three functioning squadrons one in theChannel, and theIrish Sea and another in theNorth Sea.^[3] From 1509 until 1649 Vice-Admirals commanding particular fleets were styled so as to denote he was junior to theLord Admiral of England these flag officers were formally appointed by the crown.^[4] From 1709 the Channel Squadron was coordinated out ofSpithead,Hampshire,England under the command ofSir John Norris.^[5] In 1715 Norris was reassigned to command theBritish Baltic Fleet and sent to theBaltic Sea to support a coalition of naval forces fromRussia,Denmark andHanover taking in theGreat Northern War.^[6] In 1729 Admiral Norris returned to the Spithead Station for a second tenure asCINC. In March 1744 he resigned his post over theAdmiralty's attempts to override his authority in setting strategy in response to renewed hostilities against France.^[7] Following Admiral Norris's resignation the station was then commanded bySir John Balchen until 1746 when the Admiralty issued orders to centralize all existing naval commands in the English Channel including Spithead and those at theDowns,Narrow Seas,Portsmouth, andPlymouth, to be under the control of AdmiralLord Anson then theCommander-in-Chief, Western Squadron.^[8] He then assumed the post ofCommander-in-Chief, English Channel,^[9] The Spithead Station was then merged withPortsmouth Station.

Commander-in-Chief, English Channel

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Vice-Admiral,Sir John Norris, 5 March 1709 – 1715.^[10]
Vice-Admiral,James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley, 1719.^[11] (as C-in-C, British Channel Fleet)
AdmiralSir John Norris, 1729-1744 (second time - appoint adm. of the fleet and c.-in-c. then resigned)^[10]
AdmiralSir John Balchen, 14 July 1744^[12]

References

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^Beatson, Robert (1804).Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783. London, England: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. p. 84.Sir John Norris the Spithead Station.
^Rose, Susan (2013)."3:The Navy of England understanding the resources of the crown".England's Medieval Navy 1066-1509: Ships, Men & Warfare. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing.ISBN 9781473853546.
^Corbett, Julian Stafford (1917)."The Navy of Elizabeth".Drake and the Tudor navy, with a history of the rise of England as a maritime power. London, England: London : Longmans, Green. p. 347.
^Rodger, N.A.M. (1997). "Social History of Officers 1509-1603".The safeguard of the sea : a naval history of Britain. Vol 1., 660-1649. London, England: Penguin. p. 298.ISBN 9780140297249.
^Runyan, Timothy J. (1987).Ships, Seafaring, and Society: Essays in Maritime History. Detroit, Michigan, USA: Wayne State University Press. p. 176.ISBN 0814319912.
^Heathcote, T.A. (2002).The British Admirals of the Fleet : 1734-1995 : a biographical dictionary (1. publ. in Great Britain. ed.). Barnsley: Cooper. p. 196.ISBN 0850528356.
^"NORRIS, Sir John (c.1671-1749), of Benenden, Kent, and St. Paul's, Covent Garden, London | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. The History of Parliament Trust 1964-2017. Retrieved14 June 2018.
^Palmer, Michael A. (2005).Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control Since the Sixteenth Century. Harvard, Mass, USA: Harvard University Press. p. 100.ISBN 9780674016811.
^Harrison, Simon."Commander-in-Chief at English Channel".threedecks.org. S. Harrison 2010-2018. Retrieved13 June 2018.
^^a ^bLaughton, John Knox."Norris, John (1660?-1749)" .Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. pp. 134–136.
^Harrison, Simon."Sir James Berkeley (1679-1736)".threedecks.org. S. Harrison,2010-2018. Retrieved27 June 2018.
^Archives, The National."Commission and Warrant Book".discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives UK, ADM 6/16 4 January 1742-18 September 1745. Retrieved14 June 2018.

Sources

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Archives, The National. "Commission and Warrant Book". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives UK, ADM 6/16 4 January 1742 – 18 September 1745.
Baumber, Michael (1989). General-at-sea : Robert Blake and the seventeenth-century revolution in naval warfare (1. publ. ed.). London: J. Murray.ISBN 9780719547065.
Beatson, Robert (1804). Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783. London, England: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme.
Corbett, Julian Stafford (1917). "The Navy of Elizabeth". Drake and the Tudor navy, with a history of the rise of England as a maritime power. London, England: London : Longmans, Green.
Harrison, Simon. "Commander-in-Chief at English Channel". threedecks.org. S. Harrison 2010-2018.
Heathcote, T.A. (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet : 1734-1995 : a biographical dictionary (1. publ. in Great Britain. ed.). Barnsley: Cooper.ISBN 0850528356.
Knighton, edited by C.S.; Loades, David (2011). The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society.ISBN 9781409418474.
Laughton, John Knox."Howard, Edward (1477?-1513)" . InLee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 10–11.
"NORRIS, Sir John (c.1671-1749), of Benenden, Kent, and St. Paul's, Covent Garden, London | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. The History of Parliament Trust 1964-2017.
Palmer, Michael A. (2005). Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control Since the Sixteenth Century. Harvard, Mass, USA: Harvard University Press.ISBN 9780674016811.
Runyan, Timothy J. (1987). Ships, Seafaring, and Society: Essays in Maritime History. Detroit, Michigan, USA: Wayne State University Press.ISBN 0814319912.
Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. McFarland.ISBN 9780786438099.

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