Commandaria (also calledCommanderia andCoumadarka;Greek:κουμανδαρία,κουμανταρία andCypriot Greek κουμανταρκά[1]) is an amber-coloured sweetdessert wine made in the Commandaria region ofCyprus on the foothills of theTroödos Mountains. Commandaria is made from sun-dried grapes of the varietiesXynisteri andMavro. While often afortified wine, through its production method it often reaches high alcohol levels, around 15%, already before fortification. It represents an ancient wine style documented in Cyprus back to 800 BC and has the distinction of being the world's oldest named wine still in production, with the name Commandaria dating back to thecrusades in the 12th century.
The wine has a long history, said to date back to the time of theancient Greeks, when it was a popular drink at festivals. A dried grape wine from Cyprus was first known to be described in 800 BC by the Greek poetHesiod and was known by, much later, as theCypriot Manna.[2][3]
During the crusades, Commandaria was served at the 12th-century wedding of KingRichard the Lionheart toBerengaria of Navarre, in the town ofLimassol; it was during the wedding that King Richard pronounced Commandaria "the wine of kings and the king of wines".[4] Near the end of the century he sold the island to theKnights Templar, who then sold it toGuy de Lusignan, but kept a large feudal estate atKolossi, close to Limassol, to themselves. This estate was referred to as "La Grande Commanderie". The wordCommanderie referred to themilitary headquarters whilstGrande helped distinguish it from two smaller such command posts on the island, one close toPaphos (Phoenix) and another nearKyrenia (Templos).This area under the control of the Knights Templar (and subsequently theKnights Hospitaller) became known asCommandaria.[5] When the knights began producing large quantities of the wine for export to Europe's royal courts and for supplying pilgrims en route to the holy lands, the wine assumed the name of the region. Thus it has the distinction of being the world's oldest named wine still in production.[6][7][8]
Although today it is produced and marketed under the nameCommandaria, it has been referred to with several similar names and spellings in the past. In 1863, Thomas George Shaw in his bookWine, the vine, and the cellar refers to this wine asCommanderi[9] whilst in 1879,Samuel Baker refers to it asCommanderia.[10] In 1833 Cyrus Redding in his book "A history and description of modern wines" makes reference to the wine of the "Commandery".[11]
Legend has it that in the 13th centuryPhilip Augustus of France held the first ever wine tasting competition. The event, branded TheBattle of the Wines(fr. La Bataille des Vins), was recorded in a notable French poem written byHenry d'Andeli in 1224.[12] The competition which included wines from all over Europe and France, was won by a sweet wine from Cyprus widely believed to be Commandaria.[13] TheCommandery region itself fell into the control of his descendantPhilip IV in 1307, after thesuppression of the Knights Templar.
Another legend has it that the Ottoman sultanSelim II invaded the island just to acquire Commandaria; also that the grapes used to make this wine were the same grapes exported to Portugal that eventually became famous as the source ofport wine.[14]
Commandaria is made exclusively from two types of indigenous Cyprus grapes:Xynisteri andMavro.[15][16] The grapes are left tooverripe on the vine and when sugar content reaches acceptable levels (corresponding to highmust weight) they are harvested. More specifically, Xynisteri is picked when at around 12degrees Baumé (°Bé) and Mavro at 15-16 °Bé. The grapes are then laid out in the sun to further increase the sugar density through evaporation. When the must weight reaches 19 to 23 °Bé the juice is extracted through crushing and pressing.[17] Fermentation takes place in reservoirs and will arrest naturally due to the high levels of alcohol achieved at around 15%. The above process has to take place within the confines of 14 designated villages that lie in the Commandaria Region(see below). Commandaria, by law, is aged for at least two years in Oak Barrels but this can take place outside the above-designated area within Cyprus under strict control and under the conditions laid down in Cypriot legislation.[18]
Once fermentation has been completed, at a minimum alcohol level of 10% (which is often exceeded), the alcoholic strength of Commandaria may be increased by the addition of pure 95% grape alcohol or a wine distillate of at least 70% alcohol to a minimum of 15% of alcohol. However, after this addition, the wine's actual alcohol content may not exceed 20%, while its totalpotential alcohol (including its sugar content) must be at least 22.5%.[19] Thus, Commandaria may be a fortified wine, but fortification is not mandatory.
The origins of the production method are not definite. In his poemWorks and Days, written in the 7th century BC,Hesiod, writes:
Forget not next the ripen'd Grapes to lay, Ten Nights in Air, nor take them in by Day; Five more remember, e're the Wine is made, To let them ly, to mellow in the Shade; And in the sixth briskly yourself employ, To cask the Gift of Bacchus, Sire of Joy."[20]
Pliny the Elder describes similar methods employed by the Greeks for making sweet wines,
The grapes are left on the vine to dry in the sun...It is made by drying grapes in the sun, and then placing them for seven days in a closed place upon hurdles, some seven Feet from the ground, care being taken to protect them at night from the dews: on the eighth day they are trodden out: this method, it is said, produces a liquor of exquisite bouquet and flavour. The liquor known as melitites is also one of the sweet wines[21]
In his account, Samuel Baker describes the production in 1879
...the commanderia grapes are collected and spread upon the flat mud-plastered roofs of the native houses and are exposed for several days until they show symptoms of shriveling in the skin, and the stalks have partially dried: they are thenpressed……"
He claims that the evolution of this method was more out of necessity than choice..…
"It has been imagined by some travellers that the grapes are purposely dried before pressing; on the other hand, I have been assured by the inhabitants that their only reason for heaping and exposing their crop upon the house-tops is the danger of leaving it to ripen in the vineyard. None of the plots are fenced, and before the grapes are sufficiently ripe for pressing they are stolen in large quantities, or destroyed by cattle, goats, mules, and every stray animal that is attracted to the fields…."[22]
Commandaria was produced by the large wine industries (KEO, ETKO, LOEL, and SODAP) and by a few small local producers of the Commandaria appellation zone(see below). Nowadays several other modern wineries are producing high-quality Commandaria (Oenou Yi, Tsiakas, Kyperounda, etc.).
Data recorded bySamuel Baker in his bookCyprus - How I saw it in 1879 reveal that in the late 19th century Cyprus had an annual production of about 300,000okes, equivalent to about 385,000 litres (data reflects only duty-paid production). Of this, Cyprus exported 180,103 okes fromLimassol Port, of which the vast majority went toAustria (155,000 okes valued at UK£2,075).[10]
Official figures released by Cyprus’ Vines Products Commission show that there is a generally increasing trend in the volumes produced. Much of Commandaria production is still targeted for export.[23]
| Year | 1878 | 1879 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Production(in kilograms of grapes processed) | 150,000[24] | 385,000[25] | 253,495 | 155,925 | 209,250 | 564,179 | 449,290 |
| Total Exports(in litres) | 200,000[25] | 228,369 | 210,953 | 189,384 | 189,236 | 82,728 |
Currently Commandaria holds aprotected designation of origin (PDO) within theEuropean Union,[26] the United States[27] and Canada.[28][29] By Cypriot legislation passed on 2 March 1990, it is only produced in a collection of 14 neighbouring villages:Agios Georgios,Agios Konstantinos,Agios Mamas,Agios Pavlos,Apsiou,Gerasa,Doros,Zoopigi,Kalo Chorio,Kapilio,Laneia,Louvaras,Monagri andSilikou. The designated area has assumed the name of the Commandaria Region and is located on the south-facing slopes of theTroödos Mountains at an altitude of 500-900m within theLimassol District. Only grapes from vineyards that have been planted for at least 4 years are allowed.Vine training must follow the goblet method and watering is prohibited. The grape harvest may only commence after the vine products commission of Cyprus has given the green light, based on the average sugar content of the grapes. Xinisteri grapes must demonstrate a sugar content of 212 g/L whilst Mavro can only qualify with a reading of 258 g/L and above. The sugar concentration is then raised by laying the grapes in the sun, usually for 7–10 days, to a strict window of 390 to 450g/L.[30]
In February 2006, the Wine Products Association of Cyprus selected an official Commandaria wine glass, manufactured byRiedel, an Austrian wine glass company.[31]
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