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Combat flight simulators arevehicle simulation games,amateur flight simulationcomputer programs used to simulate military aircraft and their operations. These are distinct from dedicatedflight simulators used for professional pilot and military flight training which consist of realistic physical recreations of the actual aircraft cockpit, often with a full-motion platform.

Combat flight simulation titles are more numerous than civilian flight simulators due to the variety of subject matter available and market demand. Manyfree flight simulators, such as theopen sourceLinux Air Combat,Falcon 4.0,Digital Combat Simulator andRise of Flight, can be downloaded for free off the Internet.

Prior to the rise of modern-day video games,electro-mechanical games (EM games) were produced that usedrear image projection in a manner similar to azoetrope to produce moving animations on ascreen.^[1] This technology led to the rise of flight simulationarcade games, initially in the form of EM games. One such EM game wasJet Rocket, a flight simulator released bySega in 1970 that featuredcockpit controls that could move the player's aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles at targets that would explode when hit.^[2] The game displayed three-dimensional terrain with buildings, produced using special belt technology along with fluorescent paint to simulate a night view.^[3] Upon its debut, the game was cloned by threeChicago arcade manufacturers, which led to the game under-performing in North America.^[4] Sega released several other similar EM flight combat games, includingDive Bomber (1971) andAir Attack (1972).^[5]

Combat flight simulator video games began appearing from the late 1970s. In 1975,Taito released the arcade video game simulatorInterceptor,^[6] an earlyfirst-person combat flight simulator that involved piloting ajet fighter using an eight-wayjoystick to aim and shoot at enemy aircraft.^[7]

Sega's last EM combat flight simulator wasHeli-Shooter (1977), which combines the use of aCPU processor with electro-mechanical components, screen projection and audio tape deck. The gameplay involves the player piloting ahelicopter using a throttle joystick (to accelerate and decelerate) and pedals (to maneuver left and right) across a realistic three-dimensional landscape and shooting at military targets across the landscape.^[8][9] In Japan, it was one of the top ten highest-grossing EMarcade games of 1977,^[10] and it released in North America the same year.^[9]

The 1980s experienced a wave of more advanced simulation video games, with companies such asAtari Inc. releasing their own game calledRed Baron in 1980, which usedQuadraScan graphics and sound effects to simulate first-person flight combat.^[11] Other games such as the earliest version ofMicrosoft Flight Simulator (1982) had crude graphics, simple flight models, and a combat option with "dog fighting" in aWorld War ISopwith Camel. Shortly afterMicrosoft Flight Simulator was released for the8-bit computer,Microsoft releasedJet in 1985. This simulator used simple filled wire frame graphics and a small generic battle space to allow players to fightMiGs in anF-18 orF-16. There were also titles released for theAtari 2600 that simulated flight combat, two examples being Mattel'sAir Raiders (1982) and Milton Bradley'sSpitfire Attack (1983).

Later in the 1980s, it became a trend for arcade flight combat simulators to use hydraulicmotion simulatorarcade cabinets.^[12][13] The trend was sparked bySega's "taikan" games, with "taikan" meaning "body sensation" in Japanese.^[13]Yu Suzuki's team at Sega (later known asSega AM2) developed hydraulic motion simulator cockpit cabinets for flight combat games such asSpace Harrier (1985),After Burner (1987) and theR360 games.^[12][14]

In the early 1990s, arcade flight combat simulators began adopting 3D polygon graphics. Taito'sAir Inferno (1990) was a 3D flight simulator utilizing a motion simulator cockpit cabinet.Atari Games followed with the 3D flight combat simulator the following year,Steel Talons (1991).^[15]Namco then followed with the 3D arcade combat flight simulatorAir Combat (1993).^[16]

During the 1990s to early 2000s, there was a transition from traditionalvideo game platforms like arcades, to consoles such as the originalPlayStation, for their ability to be played at home.PC games remained popular during this time, as many publishers continued to produce games primarily for thePC platform. Due to the limitations and the relative simplicity of the controllers available for gaming consoles at the time, flight simulators remained largely absent from consoles for years to come.^[17] Several rival publishers rose during this period such asNovaLogic with titles like theComanche Series that simulated helicopter combat, andElectronic Arts withJane's WWII Fighters which improved upon features such as detailed visible damage.

Newer software in the genre includeDigital Combat Simulator (released in 2008 and mostly simulating modern aircraft),Rise of Flight (released in 2009 and set inWorld War I) andIL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover (released in 2011 and set inWorld War II). These three are examples of accurate simulationPC games, as opposed toarcade-style air combat games such asBandai Namco Entertainment's highly-successfulAce Combat series.

Combat flight games are classified according to their historical period, type of aircraft, and level of detail. This method of classifying means that many simulators belong to more than one category, which leads to arguments about what can be considered actual simulations instead of games. Generally,simulations are expected to be imitations of real-world technology, while games are not; therefore, every game with flying in them does not fit into the category of "flight simulation".

Combat flight games level of realism can be classified as the following^{[citation needed]}:

• Combat flight shooter (less realistic)
• Survey simulation
• Study simulation (most realistic)

Combat flight shooters have various elements that are less realistic than simulators, such as simplified controls and physics models, compressed or non-existent start up times, emphasis on close-rangedogfighting over beyond-visual-range combat for modern jets, and the ability to carry a physically impossible amount of weapons compared to real-life aircraft loadouts. Examples of console or PC games includeAce Combat,H.A.W.X., andProject Wingman.

Many arcade combat flight shooters inamusement arcades are housed in cockpitarcade cabinets that usemotion simulator technology, often incorporatinghydraulics. Popular examples include the original arcade versions ofAfter Burner,Thunder Blade andAir Combat. Sega'sR360 motion simulator cabinet notably features full 360-degree rotation, used by the arcade gamesG-LOC: Air Battle andWing War.^[12]

A survey simulation is a classification of simulator that includes a variety (or survey) of aircraft from the period in question. This type of classification applies to many historical combat simulators, and typically includes aircraft from all nations participating in the conflict. Early simulators suffered from flight models and instrument panels that differed little between aircraft. As the technology got better, so did the diversity of aircraft, which forced the virtual pilot to learn the carefully modelled strengths and weaknesses of the various types of aircraft (e.g. the different fighting and flying styles of aSpitfire versus aMesserschmitt 109 inIL-2 Sturmovik or aMitsubishi Zero versus aUS NavyF4F Wildcat inCombat Flight Simulator 2).

Modern jet survey simulators have been developed as well, such asUS Navy Fighters (USNF) andJane's USAF by Jane's/Electronic Arts, typically with simplified and generic modelling of radar, navigation, and weapons. The turn of the century saw advancements in technology that increased the capabilities of these simulators, simplifying and improving their weapon handling and flight models, as well as updated visuals. Titles featuring these improvements includeJane's Combat Simulations, a line of flight simulations originally developed by Electronic Arts and later continued by the companyThird Wire, as well as the seriesStrike Fighters: Project 1 andWings over Europe.

The "study sim" is a genre of simulation games that focuses on modelling an aircraft's systems as accurately as possible. Advancing computer technology made this possible, with the development of highly detailed models that improved upon the fidelity of avionics, weapons systems, physics, flight models, graphics, etc. and allowed for fully interactive cockpits where virtually every control was mapped and functional. This was important as modern jet combat aircraft and helicopters have a variety of complex electronic and weapon systems that are specific to a particular aircraft.

Early iterations of simulators in this genre include the release ofEF2000 byDigital Image Design (DiD) which quickly garnered a dedicated following, including a user group that produced a detailed online manual of weapons and tactics, as well as the popularFalcon 4.0, a detailed simulation of theUSAFF-16 Fighting Falcon. Other development of these simulators includes a collaborative and specialized effort between Electronic Arts andJane's in the 1990s, with titles such asJane's Longbow,Jane's Longbow 2,Jane's F-15 andJane's F/A-18.

Helicopter simulations began in 1986 with the titleGunship byMicroProse. Nine years later, in 1995, Digital Integration Ltd. releasedApache Longbow, the most sophisticated helicopter simulation of the time. In 1996 it was exceeded byJane's AH-64D Longbow, a game created byOrigin Systems and released by Electronic Arts as part of theJane's Combat Simulator series. The sequel,Jane's Longbow 2 (1997), was one of the earliest simulations to take advantage of hardware accelerated graphics, including advanced lighting. 1998 saw the release ofEnemy Engaged: Apache vs Havoc byEmpire Interactive, which allowed players to choose to fly for either the US or Russia.

The sophistication and intricacy of these simulators continued to grow, and in 2008 theDigital Combat Simulator (DCS) releasedDCS: Black Shark, the first of a series of simulations that featured a complete and detailed cockpit with all the relevant switches accurately modelled and functional, and mapped over 500 key-commands. DCS also supported a variety of input devices aside from the traditional joystick, throttle, and pedals, featuring built-in support forTrackIR andvirtual reality with 6degrees of freedom which, in conjunction with the interactive3D-cockpit, created a very realistic experience.

Modern jet simulators are usually classified by their historical context or level of details (study versussurvey). There have been many modern jet sims that concentrate on existing fighters (severalAV-8 Harrier II sims, and others such asFleet Defender by MicroProse, andF-22 Lightning 3 andF-22 Raptor by NovaLogic), whereas others concentrate on future fighters (e.g.,F-22 Total Air War by Digital Image Design in 1998). While many simulators either classify as a study sim or a survey sim,Lock On: Modern Air Combat is an example of a game that attempts to bridge the study/survey gap with highly detailed models of several US and Russian aircraft.

Before multiplayer games became popular, many simulators could only be played by a single player. This continued to be the standard until the late 1990s when most titles included some sort of multi-player/network capability. In single-player combat simulators, every entity other than the players' own aircraft are controlled by the program's "AI" (artificial intelligence), and modern video games create very sophisticated and intelligent AI with independent behavior for adversaries and allies. Multiplayer games, which usually also contain AI, allow players to oppose one or many human players. After the growth of the internet, many simulators were created that exist only or primarily as internet multiplayer versions (e.g.,Air Warrior, themassively multiplayerFighter Ace,WarBirds,Aces High,World War II Online,Ace Online,War Thunder,Fighter Wing 2 and others).

Many players of both video games and simulators seek games for theirreplay value. Simulators enhance the replay value by offering a variety of single missions consisting of short, randomly generated missions as well as longer campaigns consisting of several smaller mission or objectives. Most campaigns are "dynamic flowing", which means they change according to the results of each successive mission (e.g. if the player destroys a "target of opportunity" which turns out to be a truck carrying an enemy leader, then the campaign starts to take a different path). Some campaign models have been developed which are fully dynamic, and where successive missions take place in an environment which is persistent (if a building is destroyed in one mission, it remains destroyed in the next and will only be rebuilt in view of limited resources, realistic time and strategic priorities, etc.). A notable pioneer in this area wasAndy Hollis, producer of theJane's Longbow series (Jane's AH-64D Longbow andJane's Longbow 2).Digital Image Design, with their release ofF-22 Total Air War in 1998, allowed for a transparency into the larger strategic battlefield by use of multiple screens and a "God's eye view". Many simulators also include "mission builders" which allow the player to create their own missions.

Combat flight simulators are among the most computer and graphics demanding applications at any given time, as they are real-time applications with multiple processes happening at once. This leads many simulation fans to constantly upgrade their hardware, including the most advanced graphics cards. These sims have also given rise to a variety of hardware add-ons such as "HOTAS" (hands on throttle and stick) controllers that allow full control of most functions without touching the keyboard. Voice control andhead-tracking view control systems are also available for home flight sim enthusiasts.

The tables below define rough guidelines of what might classify as combat flight simulation games.

• Flight simulation video game

• MiGMan's Flight Sim Museum, video game flight simulators from the 1970s to the present day

• Combat flight simulators
• Video game genres

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