Moses-Columbia
Columbia-Wenatchi
Nxaʔamxcín
Native to	United States
Region	northernIdaho, easternWashington
Ethnicity	230Wenatchi,Chelan,Sinkiuse-Columbia,Entiat (2000 census)[1]
Extinct	May 2, 2023, with the death ofPauline Stensgar[1]
Language family	Salishan Interior Salish Southern Moses-Columbia
Dialects	Columbian † Wenatchi †
Language codes
ISO 639-3	col
Glottolog	colu1241
ELP	Columbian
Columbian is classified as Extinct by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Moses-Columbia, orColumbia-Wenatchi (in Moses-Columbia:Nxaʔamxcín), is an extinct SouthernInterior Salish language, also known asNxaảmxcín. Speakerstraditionally lived in theColville Indian Reservation. The Columbia people were followers ofChief Moses.

There were two dialects, Columbia (Sinkiuse, Columbian) and Wenatchi (Wenatchee, Entiat, Chelan). Wenatchi was the heritage language of theWenatchi,Chelan, andEntiattribes, Columbian of theSinkiuse-Columbia.

Pauline Stensgar, who died on May 2, 2023, at age 96, is reported to have been the last known fully fluent speaker.^[2]

Phonological inventory of the Columbia-Wenatchi dialect:

The three vowels in Moses-Columbia are /i/, /a/, /u/. They are sometimes transcribed as [e]; /i/, [o]; /u/, and [æ]; /a/, and could also tend to sound unstressed, almost as a schwa sound, /ə/.

Here is a Nxaʔamxcín sample word

• Snkɬxwpáw’stn = ‘clothesline’^{(Czaykowska-Higgins & Willett 1997)[3]}

• Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa and Paul Proulx. 2000. "REVIEWS - What's in a Word? Structure in Moses-Columbia Salish".International Journal of American Linguistics. 66, no. 3: 410.
• Kinkade, M. Dale.Dictionary of the Moses-Columbia Language (Nxaʔamxcín). Nespelem, Wash: Colville Confederated Tribes, 1981.
• Mattina, Nancy. 2006. "Determiner Phrases in Moses-Columbia Salish".International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 1: 97.
• Willet, Marie Louise (2003).A Grammatical Sketch of Nxa'amxcin (Thesis). University of Victoria.hdl:1828/8056.

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