Columba Marmion OSB | |
|---|---|
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| Abbot andReligious | |
| Born | Joseph Aloysius Marmion (1858-04-01)1 April 1858 Dublin,Ireland |
| Died | 30 January 1923(1923-01-30) (aged 64) Maredsous Abbey,Belgium |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 3 September 2000, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City byPope John Paul II |
| Feast | 30 January |
Columba Marmion O.S.B, bornJoseph Aloysius Marmion (1 April 1858 – 30 January 1923) was aBenedictine Irish monk and the thirdAbbot ofMaredsous Abbey inBelgium. Beatified byPope John Paul II on September 3, 2000, Columba was one of the most popular[1] and influential[2] Catholic authors of the 20th century. His books are considered spiritual classics.[3]
Columba was born inQueen Street,Dublin,Ireland on 1 April 1858, into a large and very religious family; three of his sisters became nuns. His father, William Marmion was fromClane, County Kildare. His mother, Herminie Cordier, was French. He was baptised on 6 April with the name "Joseph Aloysius".[4] From a very early age he was seemingly "consumed with some kind of inner fire or enthusiasm for the things of God".[5] He received his secondary education at theJesuitBelvedere College in Dublin.[6]
At the age of 16, Marmion entered the diocesan seminary atHoly Cross College inClonliffe. At the time he entered the seminary, his "faith was very strong"; he perceived "something more than simple theoretical theses" in Catholic doctrine, in particular "that a man's love for God is measured by his love for his neighbor".[7]
A "very important moment in Dom Marmion's inner life"[9] occurred while he was still in seminary.
He travelled to Rome in December 1879 to complete his studies at thePontifical Irish College. In September 1880, he visited the Benedictine abbey atMonte Cassino. It was during this trip that he first considered becoming a Benedictine. However, his bishop thought it would be better for him to work as a secular priest for a time before making a decision.[11] He was ordained in Rome on 16 June 1881, and celebrated his first Mass the next day.[12] On his journey back to Ireland, he passed throughMaredsous, Belgium – amonastery founded in 1872 byBenedictine monks from theAbbey of Beuron, Germany.[13] He was impressed with the community and considered whether his vocation might lie there.[14]
In September 1881, he was appointed curate at the parish inDundrum in the south of Dublin. Marmion's work as a parish priest "daily brought him into contact with a cross-section of humanity", and he was "called upon to advise, teach, console and give every kind of spiritual and material aid".[15] He "possessed an extraordinary facility for adapting himself to other people", and above all "in comforting others and putting them at their ease".[15] During this period he began to learn "the delicate art ofspiritual direction in which he was later to excel".[16]
In September 1882, he was appointed Professor ofMetaphysics atHoly Cross College at Clonliffe, the Dublin diocesan seminary where Marmion himself had studied. For the next four years, he embarked on the education and spiritual direction of others, including an appointment as chaplain to a nearby convent.[17]
Marmion joined the monastic community atMaredsous in November 1886, having received his archbishop's approval.[18] He had a difficult time adjusting to the novitiate. He suffered from loneliness, being older than his fellow novices and already a priest, and he was not fluent in French.[19]
Marmion made his simple profession on 10 February 1888. Because he had already completed his philosophy and theology studies, he was instead asked to teach in the abbey school. When this proved too difficult for him, Marmion instead was appointed to teach philosophy to the monks in formation.[20]
Marmion made his solemn profession on 10 February 1891. He became well-known in the area for his preaching after a sermon given at a local parish a few days after his profession.[21] He was appointed the rector of a new college founded at Maredsous, but was not successful and was removed from the position after a year and made a professor of English instead. He also acted as assistant to the novice master and continued to teach philosophy to the junior monks.[22]
In 1899, Marmion helped to found theAbbey of Mont César, Louvain, Belgium, and became its firstprior and prefect of clerics, positions which he held until he left Mont César in 1909.[23][24]
Marmion taught dogmatic theology at Louvain, following the thought ofThomas Aquinas.[25] His lectures were distinguished by, "on the one hand, his extreme clearness, and on the other his happy and fluent application ofdoctrine to the inner life".[26] Rather than presenting "revealed truths like mere theorems of geometry having no bearing on the interior life",[27] Marmion sought to inspire his students to "live in and by the mysteries he set forth to them".[28]
In addition to teaching, Marmion was thespiritual director of theCarmelite nuns in Louvain, visiting them weekly to hear confessions and give conferences. He became spiritual director to many other communities and gave frequent retreats in Belgium, Ireland, and England.[29] During this time, he became confessor to the futureCardinal Mercier, with whom he became close friends.[30]
In 1893, DomHildebrand de Hemptinne, abbot of Maredsous, was appointed byPope Leo XIII as the first Abbot Primate of theBenedictine Order. The pope allowed him to remain as the abbot of Maredsous, though the position required de Hemptinne to spend most of his time in Rome.[31] De Hemptinne had difficulty fulfilling both roles, and in 1905 Marmion's name began to be mentioned as a possible successor as abbot of Maredsous.[32] In August 1909, de Hemptinne resigned as abbot, and Marmion was elected abbot 28 September 1909.[33]
Marmion adopted as his abbatial mottoMagis prodesse quam praesse (lit. 'to be useful rather than to command'), a maxim taken from theRule ofSt. Benedict.[34] The monastery had grown in membership while he was away and had taken on new works and apostolates.[35] He had the abbey equipped with electricity and central heating, facilities rarely to be found in monasteries at that time.[36]
In December 1909, the government of Belgium asked Maredsous to consider founding a Benedictine monastery inKatanga, in theBelgian Congo. The government offered land and money to help the new foundation.[37] Marmion consulted the monks of Maredsous who, though sympathetic, opposed the offer due to the lack of available monks.[38]
In February 1913, Marmion was invited to give a retreat to the Anglican monks ofCaldey Abbey and nuns ofMilford Haven to prepare for their reception into the Catholic Church; the following June, he celebrated Mass for them on the occasion of their being established as a Benedictine monastery.[39][40]
With the outbreak of war in 1914, there were concerns that Maredsous would not be able to obtain enough food in its remote location to feed all of the monks. Marmion decided to travel to England in September 1914 to find accommodations for the younger monks there or in Ireland, so that their studies would not be interrupted.[41] This involved Marmion travelling in disguise and without a passport. When he arrived in England, he was at first turned away for lack of a passport but managed to convince a fellow Irishman customs officer to allow him entry.[42]
Marmion at first was able to find accommodations for his monks in four separate English Benedictine houses. However, desiring to have the monks all together, he purchased a house in Edermine in Ireland as a temporary house for them, not intending it to be a permanent foundation.[43] Between the difficulties of setting up the house, reassuring others that it was not meant to be permanent, and his own health problems, Marmion was not able to return to Maredsous until May 1916.[44] The monks left the Edermine house in 1919 at the insistence of the local bishop, and the house was sold a few months later.[45]
In late 1918, the German monks of the BenedictineMonastery of the Dormition, onMount Zion inJerusalem, were expelled from the abbey. The chaplain of the occupying Allied forces wrote to Marmion, asking what was to be done with the monastery.[46] Marmion obtained permission fromPope Benedict XV, who had originally planned to send monks from another abbey, butCardinal Gasparri, the pope's Secretary of State, required that the occupation be temporary.[47] Four monks of Maredsous were dispatched in March 1919, and remained at Dormition until November 1920, after the German monks had been allowed to return.[48]
In September 1922, at the request of the Bishop of Namur, he led the annual diocesan pilgrimage toLourdes.[49] The following month, he presided at the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Maredsous Abbey (which he had governed as abbot for 14 years).[50]
Marmion was struck during a flu epidemic and died on 30 January 1923.[51]
In 1895, Marmion gave a retreat for a small group of nuns. The notes for those talks contained in kernel an idea that would come to be published in 1917 asChrist, the Life of the Soul.[52][53] Dom Raymond Thibaut, a monk of Maredsous, was chosen by the prior to assemble the book from conferences that Marmion gave, with some input from Marmion himself.[54] It was first published privately but was immediately successful in the Catholic world.[55] It is viewed as the first book of a trilogy, along withChrist in His Mysteries (1919) andChrist the Ideal of the Monk (1922), both of which were also assembled by Thibaut.[56]
In contrast to the literature of the time, which was a mere "rehash... of pious thoughts",[57] Marmion's work was described as "revolutionary",[57] initiating "a profound spiritual revival".[53] However, his work was not really new but rather "a return to what was fundamental".[58]
A second major theme of his work is the doctrine ofdivine adoption in Christ.[59] Marmion did not originate this idea, but "it would be difficult to find another who had given the mystery such preeminence, making it, as he does, the beginning and the end of the spiritual life".[60] Some believe the Catholic Church will one day formally declare Marmion theDoctor of Divine Adoption.[61][62]
Sources for Marmion's thought include, preeminently, the Bible (especiallySt. Paul andSt. John), theChurch Fathers,St. Thomas Aquinas, and the Liturgy (i.e., theMass, theDivine Office, thesacraments), as well asSt. Francis de Sales and Msgr. Charles Gay.[63]
Marmion's writings have received formal and informal endorsements from multiple popes, includingBenedict XV,[64]Pius XI,[65]Pius XII,[66]Paul VI,[66] andJohn Paul II.[66]
Rapidly, favours andmiracles were attributed to him, justifying the transfer, in 1963, of his body from the monks' cemetery to the abbatial church. His body was found to beincorrupt after more than 40 years.[67] A cure from cancer obtained after a woman from St. Cloud, Minnesota, visited his tomb in 1966 was investigated by the Church and recognized as miraculous in 2000,[68] leading to his beatification in that year.
Dom Columba Marmion wasbeatified on 3 September 2000 byPope John Paul II, on the same occasion asPope John XXIII,Pope Pius IX,Tommaso Reggio, andWilliam Chaminade.[69]
At the beatification ceremony, Pope John Paul II declared:
Following thebeatification, Dom Marmion's cause forcanonization has been opened. In 2009, theArchdiocese of Vancouver, Canada, began a canonical investigation into the cure of a man ravaged by anecrotizing fasciitis. He had been expected to die within hours.[71]
Both Marmion Abbey and Marmion Academy (established in 1933) in Aurora, Illinois are named in his honour.
Thanks to Dom Raymond Thibaut, his secretary, the central teachings of Dom Marmion, delivered orally in French,[72] were memorialized in writing as follows:
These were translated into English, respectively, as follows:
