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Colored (orcoloured) is a racial descriptor historically used in theUnited States during theJim Crow era to refer to anAfrican American. In many places, it may be considered aslur.[1]
The wordcolored(Middle Englishicoloured)[dubious –discuss] was first used in the 14th century but with a meaning other than race or ethnicity.[2][3] The earliest uses of the term to denote a member of dark-skinned groups of peoples occurred in the second part of the 18th century in reference to South America. According to theOxford English Dictionary, "colored" was first used in this context in 1758 to translate the Spanish termmujeres de color ('colored women') inAntonio de Ulloa'sA voyage to South America.[3]
The term came in use in the United States during the early 19th century, and it then was adopted by emancipated slaves as a term of racial pride after the end of theAmerican Civil War until it was replaced as a self-designation byBlack orAfrican-American during the second part of the 20th century. Due to its use in theJim Crow era to designate items or places restricted to African Americans, the wordcolored is now usually considered to be offensive.[3]
The term has historically had multiple connotations. InBritish usage, the term refers to "a person who is wholly or partly of non-white descent," and its use is generally regarded as antiquated or offensive.[4][5] Other terms are preferable, particularly when referring to a single ethnicity.
In the United States,colored was the predominant and preferred term for African Americans in the mid- to late nineteenth century in part because it was accepted by both white and black Americans as more inclusive, covering those of mixed-race ancestry (and, less commonly,Asian Americans and otherracial minorities), as well as those who were considered to have "complete Black ancestry".[6] They did not think of themselves as or accept the labelAfrican, did not wantwhites pressuring them to relocate to a colony in Africa, and said they were no more African than white Americans were European. In place of "African" they preferred the termcolored, or the more learned and preciseNegro.[7] However, the termNegro later fell from favor following theCivil Rights Movement as it was seen as imposed upon the community it described by white people duringslavery, and carried connotations of subservience. The termblack was preferred during the 1960s by theBlack Power movement, as well as radicalblack nationalists (theBlack Muslims and theBlack Panthers),pan-Africanists (Stokely Carmichael, leader of theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) andpolitical progressives. "Negro" was still favored as self-descriptive racial term over "black" by a plurality in the late 1960s; however, by the late 1970s and early 1980s, "black" was strongly favored.[6]
NPR reported that the "use of the phrase 'colored people' peaked in books published in 1970."[8] However, some individuals have more recently called for a revival of "African American", or "Afro-American", so as to removeattention to skin color.[9] "Colored people lived in three neighborhoods that were clearly demarcated, as if by ropes or turnstiles", wrote Harvard professorHenry Louis Gates Jr. about growing up insegregatedWest Virginia in the 1960s. "Welcome to the Colored Zone, a large stretched banner could have said .... Of course, the colored world was not so much a neighborhood as a condition of existence."[10] "For most of my childhood, we couldn't eat in restaurants or sleep in hotels, we couldn't use certain bathrooms or try on clothes in stores", recalls Gates. His mother retaliated by not buying clothes that she was not allowed to try on. He remembered hearing a white man deliberately calling his father by the wrong name: "'He knows my name, boy,' my father said after a long pause. 'He calls all colored people George.'" When Gates's cousin became the first black cheerleader at the local high school, she was not allowed to sit with the team and drink Coke from a glass, but had to stand at the counter drinking from a paper cup.[10] Gates also wrote about his experiences in his 1995 book,Colored People: A Memoir.[11]
In 1851, an article inThe New York Times referred to the "colored population".[12][full citation needed] In 1863, the War Department established theBureau of Colored Troops.
The first 12United States Census counts counted "colored" people, who totaled nine million in 1900. The censuses of 1910–1960 counted "negroes".
The term is still used in the name of theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People, although it is generally referred to as the NAACP.[4] In 2008, its communications director Carla Sims said "the term 'colored' is not derogatory, [the NAACP] chose the word 'colored' because it was the most positive description commonly used [in 1909, when the association was founded]. It's outdated and antiquated but not offensive."[13] However, NAACP today rarely uses its full name and made this decision not long after theUnited Negro College Fund switched to using just UNCF or United Fund.
In times when commentators say the term is widely perceived as offensive, a Labour MP lost no time in condemning it "patronising and derogatory"
In Britain it was the accepted term until the 1960s, when it was superseded (as in the US) by black. The term coloured lost favour among black people during this period and is now widely regarded as offensive except in historical contexts
Definition of Afro-American: African American. First known use of Afro-American 1831, in the meaning defined above