At 6,035 feet (1,839 m),[14] the city stands over 1 mile (1.6 km) above sea level. It is near the base ofPikes Peak, which rises 14,115 feet (4,302.31 m) above sea level on the eastern edge of theSouthern Rocky Mountains. The city is the largest city north of Mexico above 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in elevation.
TheUte,Arapaho andCheyenne peoples were the first recorded inhabiting the area which would become Colorado Springs.[15] Part of the territory included in the United States' 1803Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it became part of theJefferson Territory on October 24 and ofEl Paso County on November 28.Colorado City at theFront Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was "formally organized on August13, 1859"[16] during thePikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of theColorado Territory from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862, when the capital was moved toGolden, before it was finally moved toDenver in 1867.[17] So many immigrants from England had settled in Colorado Springs by the early 1870s that Colorado Springs was locally referred to as "Little London".[18] In 1871 theColorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font (later calledManitou Springs) andFountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City.[19] The Colorado Springs, Colorado Territory, post office opened on December 1, 1871.[20] Within a year, Fountain Colony was renamed Colorado Springs and incorporated.[21] The El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs.[22] On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations.[23][24]
The second period of annexations was during 1889–90, and included Seavey's Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and anotherNorth End addition.[23] In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built theBroadmoor suburb, which included theBroadmoor Casino, and by December 12, 1895, the city had "four Mining Exchanges and 275 mining brokers."[25] By 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues.[24]: 10
On October 1, 1981, the Broadmoor Addition,[23] Cheyenne Canon,Ivywild, Skyway, and Stratton Meadows were annexed after theColorado Supreme Court "overturned a district court decision that voided theannexation". Further annexations expanding the city include the Nielson Addition and Vineyard Commerce Park Annexation in September 2008.[23]
On June 23, 2012, theWaldo Canyon fire began 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the city.[36] The fire ended up destroying 347 homes and killing two people in the city. In total, over 32,000 residents had to be evacuated.[37] At the time the fire was the most destructive in state history until it was surpassed by theBlack Forest Fire the following year.[38]
Colorado Springs has thegreatest total area of any municipality in Colorado. At the2020 United States census, the city had a total area of 195.761 square miles (507.019 km2) including 0.362 square miles (0.937 km2) of water.[9]
View of the city through the clouds on July 1, 2022, taken from the International Space Station with north oriented towards the left
Colorado Springs has a cooler, dry-wintermonsoon influenced continental climate (KöppenDwa/Cwa), and its location just east of the Rocky Mountains affords it the rapid warming influence fromchinook winds during winter but also subjects it to drastic day-to-day variability in weather conditions.[42] The city has abundant sunshine year-round, averaging 243 sunny days per year,[43][44] and receives approximately 16.5 inches (419 mm) of annualprecipitation. Due to unusually low precipitation for several years after flooding in 1999, Colorado Springs enacted lawn water restrictions in 2002. These were lifted in 2005[40] but permanently reinstated in December 2019.[45]
Colorado Springs is one of the most active lightning strike areas in the United States.[39] This natural phenomenon ledNikola Tesla to select Colorado Springs as the preferred location to build his lab and study electricity.[46]
December is typically the coldest month, averaging 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C). Historically, January had been the coldest month, but, in recent years, December has had both lower daily maxima and minima.[47] Typically, there are 5.2 nights with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows and 23.6 days where the high does not rise above freezing.[48]
Snowfall is usually moderate and remains on the ground briefly because of direct sun, with the city receiving 38 inches (97 cm) per season, although the mountains to the west often receive in excess of triple that amount; March is the snowiest month in the region, both by total accumulation and number of days with measurable snowfall. In addition, 8 of the top 10 heaviest 24-hour snowfalls have occurred from March to May.[48] Summers are warm, with July, the warmest month, averaging 70.9 °F (21.6 °C), and 18 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. Due to the high elevation and aridity, nights are usually relatively cool and rarely does the low remain above 70 °F (21 °C).[48] Dry weather generally prevails, but brief afternoon thunderstorms are common, especially in July and August when the city receives the majority of its annual rainfall, due to theNorth American monsoon.[49]
The first autumn freeze and the last freeze in the spring, on average, occur on October 2 and May 6, respectively; the average window for measurable snowfall (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) is October 21 through April 25. Extreme temperatures range from 101 °F (38 °C) onJune 26, 2012 and most recently on June 21, 2016, down to −27 °F (−33 °C) on February 1, 1951, and December 9, 1919.[50]
Map of racial distribution in Colorado Springs, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
Colorado Springs, Colorado – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Colorado Springs's economy is driven primarily by the military, the high-tech industry, and tourism, in that order. The city is experiencing slight growth in the service sectors. As of April 2025, the unemployment rate in Colorado Springs was 4.6%.[65] The state's unemployment rate was 4.8% compared to 4.2% for the nation.[66]
As of 2021[update], there are nearly 45,000 active-duty troops in the Colorado Springs area. There are more than 100,000 veterans and thousands of reservists.[28] The military and defense contractors supply more than 40% of the Pikes Peak region's economy.[28]
Peterson Space Force Base is responsible for theNorth American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and theUnited States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters,[32] Space Operations Command, and Space Deltas 2, 3, and 7.[67] Located at Peterson is the 302nd Airlift Wing, an Air Force Reserve unit, that transports passengers and cargo and fights wildfires.[67]
Schriever Space Force Base is responsible for Joint Task Force-Space Defense andSpace Deltas 6, 8, and 9.[67] The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center is located at theCheyenne Mountain Complex.[32] Within the mountain complex, theCheyenne Mountain Space Force Station has been operated bySpace Operations Command.[32] On January 13, 2021, the Air Force announced a new permanent home for Space Command, moving it from Colorado Springs to Huntsville, Alabama in 2026, but the decision could be reversed by Congress.[28][68][c]
PresidentRichard Nixon gives a commencement ceremony speech at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, June 4, 1969.
A large percentage of Colorado Springs's economy is still based on manufacturinghigh-tech and complex electronic equipment. The high-tech sector in the Colorado Springs area has decreased its overall presence from 2000 to 2006 (from around 21,000 to around 8,000), with notable reductions in information technology and complex electronic equipment.[78] Current trends project the high-tech employment ratio will continue to decrease.[79][80][81][82][needs update]
High-tech corporations offering fibre-optics to the premises connections within the city include:Lumen Technologies,Comcast and other providers as of 2023.[83]Hewlett-Packard still has some sales, support, andSAN storage engineering center for the computer industry.[84][85][86]Storage Networking Industry Association is the home of the SNIA Technology Center.[87]Keysight Technologies, spun off in 2014 fromAgilent,[88] which was itself spun off fromHP in 1999 as an independent, publicly traded company,[89] has itsoscilloscope research and development division based in Colorado Springs.Intel had 250 employees in 2009.[90] The Intel facility is now used for the centralized unemployment offices, social services, El Paso county offices, and a bitcoin mining facility.[91]Microchip Technology (formerlyAtmel), is a chip fabrication organization.[92] TheApple Inc. facility was sold to Sanmina-SCI in 1996.[93]
Almost immediately following the arrival of railroads beginning in 1871, the city's location at the base ofPikes Peak and theRocky Mountains made it a popular tourism destination. Tourism is the third largest employer in the Pikes Peak region, accounting for more than 16,000 jobs.[94] In 2018, 23 million day and overnight visitors came to the area, contributing $2.4 billion in revenue.[95]
The downtown Colorado Springs Visitor Information Center offers free area information to leisure and business travelers.[96] TheCultural Office of the Pikes Peak Region (COPPeR), also downtown, supports and advocates for the arts throughout the Pikes Peak Region. It operates the PeakRadar website to communicate city events.[102]
The Colorado Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held the first Saturday in December.[111] The parade is held on Tejon Street in Downtown Colorado Springs.[112]
In 2017, Colorado had the third-most craft breweries at 348.[113] Breweries and microbreweries have become popular in Colorado Springs, which hosts over 30 of them.[114][115]
Although houses of worship of almost every major world religion are within the city, Colorado Springs has in particular attracted a large influx ofEvangelical Christians and Christian organizations in recent years. At one time Colorado Springs was the national headquarters for 81 different religious organizations, earning the city the tongue-in-cheek nicknames "the Evangelical Vatican"[116] and "The Christian Mecca".
Religious groups with regional or international headquarters in Colorado Springs include:
Although Colorado voters approvedColorado Amendment 64, a constitutional amendment in 2012 legalizing retail sales of marijuana for recreational purposes, the Colorado Springs city council voted not to permit retail shops in the city, as was allowed in the amendment.[136] Medical marijuana outlets continue to operate in Colorado Springs.[137] In 2015, there were 91 medical marijuana clinics in the city, which reported sales of $59.6 million in 2014, up 11 percent from the previous year but withoutrecreational marijuana shops.[138] On April 26, 2016, Colorado Springs city council decided to extend the current six-month moratorium to eighteen months with no new licenses to be granted until May 2017. A scholarly paper suggested the city would give up $25.4 million in tax revenue and fees if the city continued to thwart the industry from opening within the city limits.[139][140] As of March 1, 2018, there were 131 medical marijuana centers and no recreational cannabis stores.[141] As of 2019 Colorado Springs is still one of seven towns that have only allowed for medical marijuana.[142]
Colorado Springs has been the subject of or setting for many books, films and television shows, and is a frequent backdrop for political thrillers and military-themed stories because of its many military installations and vital importance to the United States' continental defense. Notable television series using the city as a setting includeDr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,Homicide Hunter and theStargate seriesStargate SG-1, as well as the filmsWarGames,The Prestige, andBlacKkKlansman.[143]
In a North Korean propaganda video released in April 2013, Colorado Springs was singled out as one of four targets for a missile strike. The video failed to pinpoint Colorado Springs on the map, instead showing a spot somewhere in Louisiana.[144]
Further, over 50 national sports organizations (non-Olympic) headquarter in Colorado Springs. These include the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Sports Incubator, a various non-Olympic Sports (such as USA Ultimate), and more.[146]
The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC), also known asThe Race to the Clouds, is an annual invitational automobile and motorcycle hill climb to the summit ofPikes Peak, every year on the last Sunday of June.[149] The highway wasn't completely paved until 2011.[150]
Colorado Springs was the original headquarters of theProfessional Bull Riders (PBR) from its founding in 1992 until 2005, when the organization was moved toPueblo.[155]
The city's Parks, Recreation and Cultural Services manage 136 neighborhood parks, eight community parks, seven regional parks, and five sports complexes, totaling 9,000 acres (3,600 ha). They also manage 500 acres (200 ha) of trails, of which 160 miles (260 km) are park trails and 105 miles (169 km) are urban. There are 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of open space in 48 open-space areas.[156]
Ackerman Overlook, nearUnited States Air Force Academy offInterstate 25 in Colorado Springs, is named for Jasper D. Ackerman (1896–1988), a banker and rancher.[157]Pulpit Rock, in Pikeview (North Colorado Springs)
Garden of the Gods is on Colorado Springs's western edge. It is aNational Natural Landmark, with 300 foot (91 m) red/orange sandstone rock formations often viewed against a backdrop of the snow-capped Pikes Peak. This park is free to the public and offers many recreational opportunities, such as hiking, rock climbing, cycling, horseback riding and tours.[158] It offers a variety of annual events, one of the most popular of which is the Starlight Spectacular, a recreational bike ride held every summer to benefit the Trails and Open Space Coalition of Colorado Springs.[159]
Three trails, the New Santa Fe Regional Trail,Pikes Peak Greenway and Fountain Creek Regional Trail, form a continuous path fromPalmer Lake, through Colorado Springs, toFountain, Colorado. The majority of the trail between Palmer Lake and Fountain is a soft surface breeze gravel trail. A major segment of the trail within the Colorado Springs city limits is paved. The trails, exceptMonument Valley Park trails, may be used for equestrian traffic. Motorized vehicles are not allowed on the trails. Many of the trails are interconnected, having main spine trails, like the Pikes Peak Greenway, that lead to secondary trails.[170][171][172]
On November 2, 2010, Colorado Springs voters adopted a council-strong mayor form of government. The City of Colorado Springs transitioned to the new system of government in 2011. Under the council-strong mayor system of government, the mayor is the chief executive and the city council is the legislative branch. The mayor is a full-time elected position and not a member of the council. The council has nine members, six of whom represent one of six equally populated districts each. The remaining three members are elected at-large.[173]
The Colorado Springs City Council consists of nine elected officials, six of whom represent districts and three of whom represent the city at-large.[175] Randy Helms is council president.[citation needed]
In 2017, Caleb Hannan wrote inPolitico that Colorado Springs was "staunchly Republican", "a right-wing counterweight to liberalBoulder", and that a study ranked it "the fourth most conservative city in America".[176] In 2016, Hannan wrote that downtown Colorado Springs had a different political vibe from the overall area's and that there were "superficial signs of changing demographics".[176] Since 2020, Colorado Springs has continued to shift towards the political center. In 2022, GovernorJared Polis won the city in hisbid for reelection.[177] In the2023 mayoral election, independent candidateYemi Mobolade handily won the race and became the first elected non-Republican mayor of the city.[178]
I-25 runs north and south through Colorado, and traverses the city for nearly 18 miles (29 km), entering the city south of Academy Blvd and exiting north of North Gate Boulevard. In El Paso County it is known as Ronald Reagan Highway.[d] An Interstate 25 bypass was approved in 2010.[198][199]
A number of state and U.S. highways serve the city.State Highway 21 is a major east side semi-expressway fromBlack Forest to Fountain, known locally and co-signed as Powers Boulevard.State Highway 83 runs north–south fromcentral Denver to northern Colorado Springs.State Highway 94 runs east–west from westernCheyenne County to eastern Colorado Springs where it terminates atUS 24. US 24 is a major route through the city and county, providing access to Woodland Park via Ute Pass to the west and downtown, Nob Hill and numerous suburbs to the east. It is co-signed with Platte Ave after SH 21 and originally carried local traffic through town. The Martin Luther King Jr Bypass runs from I-25 near Circle Drive along Fountain Blvd to SH 21, then east again.State Highway 115 begins inCañon City, traveling north along the western edge of Fort Carson; when it reaches the city limits it merges with Nevada Avenue, a signed Business Route of US 85. US 85 and SH 115 are concurrent between Lake Avenue and I-25.US 85 enters the city at Fountain and was signed at Venetucci Blvd, Lake Avenue, and Nevada Avenue[e] at various points in history; however most of US 85 is concurrent with I-25 and is not signed.
In 2004, the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority.[201]
Colorado Springs Airport (COS; ICAO: KCOS) has been in operation since 1925. It is the second-largest commercial airport in the state, afterDenver International Airport (DEN; ICAO: KDEN). It covers 7,200 acres (2,900 ha) of land at an elevation of approximately 6,200 feet (1,900 m). COS is considered to be a joint-use civilian and military airport, asPeterson Space Force Base is a tenant of the airport.[202] It has three paved runways: 17L/35R is 13,501 by 150 feet (4,115 by 46 m), the runway 17R/35L is 11,022 by 150 feet (3,360 by 46 m) and the runway 13/31 is 8,270 by 150 feet (2,521 by 46 m).[203] The airport handled 2,134,618 passengers in 2022,[204] and is served byAmerican,Avelo,Delta,Southwest,Sun Country, andUnited.[205]
Currently there is no intercity passenger service; the last remaining services connecting the Front Range cities ceased with the formation ofAmtrak in 1971.[f]Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities fromPueblo in the south, north toFort Collins and possiblyCheyenne, Wyoming.[207]
As of 2017, Colorado Springs has 121 miles (195 km) of bike lanes and 82 miles (132 km) of paved trails.[208]PikeRide is a local electric bike-share program that operates in urban core, Old Colorado City, and Manitou Springs.
In April 2018, the Colorado Springs City Council approved a Bike Master Plan.[209] The vision of the city's Bike Master Plan is "a healthy and vibrant Colorado Springs where bicycling is one of many transportation options for a large portion of the population, and where a well-connected and well-maintained network of urban trails, single-track, and on-street infrastructure offers a bicycling experience for present and future generations that is safe, convenient, and fun for getting around, getting in shape, or getting away."
Bike lanes in Colorado Springs have not been deployed without controversy. According toThe Gazette, their readers "have mixed feelings for new bike lanes."[210] In December 2016, the City removed a bike lane along Research Parkway due to overwhelming opposition; an online survey found that 80.5% of respondents opposed the bike lane.[211]The Gazette has stated that since the Bike Master Plan was adopted by city council, "no issue has elicited more argument inThe Gazette pages," and due to this immense public interest, on February 25, 2019,The Gazette hosted atown hall meeting called "Battle of the Bike Lanes".[212][213]
Mountain Metropolitan Transit (commonly referred to as MMT) is the primary public transportation provider for the Colorado Springs metropolitan region. MMT operates thirty-four bus routes, providing service for Colorado Springs, Manitou Springs, and Security-Widefield. The Downtown Terminal is the system's main hub, with the Citadel Mall, PPSC, and Chapel Hills Mall acting as secondary transfer stations.
Mountain Metro Mobility is anAmericans with Disabilities Act (ADA) federally mandated complementary ADA paratransit service, which provides demand-response service for individuals with mobility needs that prevent them from using the fixed-route bus system.[215][216]
Colorado Springs's sister city organization began when it became partners with Fujiyoshida. Thetorii gate erected to commemorate the relationship stands at the corner of Bijou Street and Nevada Avenue, and is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. Thetorii gate, crisscrossed bridge and shrine, in the median between Platte and Bijou Streets downtown, were a gift to Colorado Springs, erected in 1966 by the Rotary Club of Colorado Springs to celebrate the friendship between the two communities. A plaque near thetorii gate states that "the purpose of the sister city relationship is to promote understanding between the people of our two countries and cities". The Fujiyoshida Student exchange program has become an annual event.[220]
In 2006 and 2010, the Bankstown TAP (Talent Advancement Program) performed with the Youth Symphony and the Colorado Springs Children's Chorale as part of the annual "In Harmony" program.[220] A notable similarity between Colorado Springs and its sister cities is their geographic positions: three of the seven cities are near the foot of a major mountain or mountain range, as is Colorado Springs.[221]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^As of the census[64] of 2000(limited only to the city limits and not including the very diverse Fort Carson area which many view as being a part of the Colorado Springs metropolitan area), there were 360,890 people, 141,516 households, and 93,117 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,942.9 inhabitants per square mile (750.2/km2). There were 148,690 housing units at an average density of 800.5 units per square mile (309.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.7%White, 6.6% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 5.0% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 12.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 141,516 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.06.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males. (Note: City statistics do not include the demographic influence of five local military bases).The median income for a household in the city was $45,081, and the median income for a family was $53,478. Males had a median income of $36,786 versus $26,427 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,496. About 6.1% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
^Political leaders in Colorado plan to ask President Biden's administration to review the merits of the decision.[69] Huntsville also has to pass an environmental review before the decision is final.[70] Air Force documents show Alabama ranked higher than Colorado in 11 of 21 comparisons used by the government in seeking the best site for the new U.S. Space Command's permanent headquarters. In the Space Command headquarters comparison, Alabama ranks in top third in nine of the 21 categories. Colorado ranks in the top third in five categories. Alabama ranks in bottom third in three of the 21 categories and Colorado ranks in bottom third in 10 of the 21 categories.[71]
^To combat congestion the Colorado Department of Transportation widened the Interstate 25 corridor throughout the city from four lanes (two in each direction) to six lanes in a program called COSMIX. Ultimately, the plan is to make the interstate eight lanes through the city when funding becomes available.[195] Interstate 25 was expanded to 6 lanes between Woodmen Road (exit 149, the northern terminus for the COSMIX project) and Monument (exit 161).[196][197]
^In addition, there were plans to develop a "Front Range Toll Road", a privately ownedturnpike, which would begin south of Pueblo and end around Fort Collins. This toll road would allow rail and truck traffic to avoid the more highly traveled parts of I-25 along the Front Range. Initially, the project had support but has since been highly contested because of the need to condemn the land of many private citizens, through the use ofeminent domain, to make room for the corridor.[200]
^ The last scheduled passenger service to Colorado Springs was theDenver toDallasTexas Zephyr, which was cancelled on September 11, 1967.
^"Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 14, 2008. Archived fromthe original on September 27, 2007. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2007.
^"El Paso County".History Colorado. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013.Platted by his Colorado Springs Company in 1876 [sic] Manitou Springs retains its winding roads, spa, and many of its grand hotels and residences. Of the approximately 1001 buildings, 752 are considered to be contributing...Miramont Castle...housed a sanitarium operated by the Sisters of Mercy.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (in 1916, the Sisters of Mercy operated theMontcalm Sanitarium).
^abcd"annexdata.xls" (spreadsheet). SpringsGov.com. Archived fromthe original(XLS) on November 12, 2013. RetrievedOctober 27, 2013.
^abDirectory of Colorado Springs(PDF) (almanac), The Out West Printing and Stationery Co., 1898, archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 12, 2013, retrievedNovember 5, 2013,SANATARIUMS ... St. Francis Hospital—On Institute Heights, east end of Pike's Peak avenue, near Knob Hill street car line ... Pike's Peak Camp, No. 5 (Pacific jurisdiction)--Meets in K. of P. Hall every Tuesday evening
^"Colorado's Mining Craze"(PDF).The New York Times. December 2, 1895.Archived(PDF) from the original on April 27, 2021. RetrievedNovember 12, 2013.
^Report of the Commission on the Colorado Springs Union Depot (available at PPLD Special Collections and the Colorado College Tutt Library)
^abHartman, James Edward (June 28, 1996). Original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport (NRHP Inventory—Nomination Form).Contributing 4...Non-contributing 1 ...Nichols Field and thePine Valley Air Strip were located on north Nevada Avenue. ... In 1942 the hangar was purchased by the City of Colorado Springs. The Air Force began leasing the [Broadmoor] hangar as a storage area in 1958. ... 1951 • Facility usage is re-leased to the Military (383 acres) for the 4600 Air Base Group (Jan.). ... 1966...The City of Colorado Springs renegotiates with Air Force total of 992 acres (until June 30, 2066).
^Prinzo (c. 1945),[description of sites used by 2nd Photo Grp] (document with quotation)
^Colorado Springs, Colorado City and Manitou City Directory. Vol. XIII. The R. L. Polk Directory Co. 1916.Pike's Peak Ocean-to-Occan Highway
^Mueller, Robert (1989). "Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982".Air Force Bases (Report).I. Office of Air Force History.ISBN0-912799-53-6.
^"goairforcefalcons.com".goairforcefalcons.com. Air Force Academy Athletics Official Athletic Site – Football. Archived fromthe original on October 12, 2016. RetrievedOctober 14, 2016.
^"Used Spring 33 Years Ago".Colorado Springs Gazette. December 26, 1904. p. 5.
^"New Pavilion at Tahama Spring"(PDF).Sunday Gazette and Telegraph. May 16, 1926.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 21, 2018. RetrievedOctober 20, 2018.
^Kaufmann, M. R.; Huckaby, L. S.; Gleason, P., (2000),Ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range: long historical fire and tree recruitment intervals and a case for landscape heterogeneity. In: Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Ryan, Kevin C., tech. eds. Proceedings from the Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop: Crossing the Millennium: Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management; Boise, Idaho, June 15–17, 1999. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho: 153–160.
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