Acolor wheel orcolor circle[1] is an abstract illustrative organization ofcolorhues around a circle, which shows the relationships betweenprimary colors,secondary colors,tertiary colors etc.
Some sources use the termscolor wheel andcolor circle interchangeably;[2][3] however, one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above. For instance, some reserve the termcolor wheel for mechanical rotating devices, such ascolor tops, filter wheels or theNewton disc. Others classify various color wheels ascolor disc,color chart, andcolor scale varieties.[4]
The color wheel dates back toIsaac Newton's work on color and light.[5] In his bookOpticks, Newton presented a color circle to illustrate the relations between these colors.[6] The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights, that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of "rays" of each spectral color present (represented in his diagram by small circles).[7] The divisions of Newton's circle are of unequal size, being based on the intervals of aDorian musical scale.[8] Most later color circles include thepurples, however, between red and violet, and have equal-sized hue divisions.[9] Color scientists andpsychologists often use theadditive primaries, red,green, and blue; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel.[10]
Thomas Young postulated that the eye contains receptors that respond to three different primary sensations, or spectra of light.James Clerk Maxwell showed that all hues, and almost all colors, can be created from threeprimary colors such as red, green, and blue, if they are mixed in the right proportions.Goethe'sTheory of Colours provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color (1810). His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel anticipatingEwald Hering'sopponent color theory (1872).
... for the colours diametrically opposed to each other ... are those that reciprocally evoke each other in the eye.
Most color wheels are based on three primary colors, three secondary colors, and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary, known as tertiary colors, for a total of 12 main divisions; some add more intermediates, for 24 named colors. They make use of thetrichromatic model of color.
The typical artists' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue, red, and yellowprimary colors. The correspondingsecondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. Thetertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow-orange, orange-red, red-violet/purple, purple/violet-blue and blue-green.
Non-digital visual artists typically usered,yellow, andblue primaries (RYB color model) arranged at three equally spaced points around their color wheel.[11] Printers and others who use modern subtractive color methods and terminology usecyan,magenta, andyellow assubtractive primaries. Intermediate and interior points of color wheels and circles represent color mixtures. In a paint or subtractive color wheel, the 'center of gravity' is usually (but not always[12]) black, representing all colors of light being absorbed.
A color wheel based onRGB (red, green, blue) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries. Alternatively, the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primaries, with red, green, and blue being secondaries. Sometimes a RGV (red, green, violet) triad is used instead. In an additive color circle, the center is white or gray, indicating a mixture of different wavelengths of light (all wavelengths, or two complementary colors, for example).
TheHSL and HSV color spaces are simple geometric transformations of theRGB cube into cylindrical form. The outer top circle of the HSV cylinder – or the outer middle circle of the HSL cylinder – can be thought of as a color wheel. There is no authoritative way of labelling the colors in such a color wheel, but the six colors which fall at the corners of the RGB cube are given names in theX11 color list, and arenamed keywords in HTML.[13]
Some color wheels are based on the fouropponent process colors - red, yellow, blue and green. This includes those of theNatural Color System.
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|---|---|---|---|
| Color | Wavelength (nm) | Frequency (THz) | Photon energy (eV) |
| 380–450 | 670–790 | 2.75–3.26 | |
| 450–485 | 620–670 | 2.56–2.75 | |
| 485–500 | 600–620 | 2.48–2.56 | |
| 500–565 | 530–600 | 2.19–2.48 | |
| 565–590 | 510–530 | 2.10–2.19 | |
| 590–625 | 480–510 | 1.98–2.10 | |
| 625–750 | 400–480 | 1.65–1.98 | |
A color circle based on spectral wavelengths appears withred at one end of the spectrum and is 100% mixableviolet at the other. A wedge-shaped gap represents colors that have no unique spectral frequency. These extra-spectral colors, thepurples, form from an additive mixture of colors from the ends of the spectrum.
In normal human vision, wavelengths of between about 400 nm and 700 nm are represented by this incomplete circle, with the longer wavelengths equating to the red end of the spectrum. Complement colors are located directly opposite each other on this wheel. These complement colors are not identical to colors in pigment mixing (such as are used in paint), but when lights are additively mixed in the correct proportions appear as a neutral grey or white.[14]
The color circle is used for, among other purposes, illustratingadditive color mixture. Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum will produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum, even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved. This type of color matching is known asmetameric matching.[15] Thus, a combination ofgreen and red light will produce the coloryellow in apparent hue. The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle.
Objects may be viewed under a variety of different lighting conditions. The human visual system is able to adapt to these differences bychromatic adaptation. This aspect of the visual system is relatively easy to mislead, andoptical illusions relating to color are therefore a common phenomenon. The color circle is a useful tool for examining these illusions.
Arrangingspectral colors in a circle to predict admixture of light stems from work by SirIsaac Newton. Newton's calculation of the resulting color involves three steps: First, mark on the color circle the constituent colors according to their relative weight. Second, find thebarycenter of these differently weighted colors. Third, interpret the radial distance (from the center of the circle to thebarycenter) as the saturation of the color, and theazimuthal position on the circle as the hue of the color. Thus, Newton's color circle is a predecessor of the modern, horseshoe-shapedCIE color diagram.
The psychophysical theory behind the color circle dates to the earlycolor triangle ofThomas Young, whose work was later extended byJames Clerk Maxwell andHermann von Helmholtz.
There is no straight-line relationship between colors mixed in pigment, which vary from medium to medium. With a psychophysical color circle, however, the resulting hue of any mixture of two colored light sources can be determined simply by the relative brightness and wavelength of the two lights.[15] A similar calculation cannot be performed with two paints. As such, a painter's color wheel is indicative rather than predictive, being used to compare existing colors rather than calculate exact colors of mixtures. Because of differences relating to the medium, different color wheels can be created according to the type of paint or other medium used, and many artists make their own individual color wheels. These often contain only blocks of color rather than the gradation between tones that is characteristic of the color circle.[16]
A number of interactive color wheel applications are available both on the Internet and as desktop applications. These programs are used by artists and designers for picking colors for a design.
Incolor theory, acolor scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media. For example, the use of a white background with black text is an example of a common default color scheme in web design.
Color schemes are logical combinations of colors on the color wheel. Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling together commonly appear together in color schemes. A basic color scheme uses two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination, usually based around a single color—for example, text with such colors as red, yellow, orange and light blue arranged together on a black background in a magazine article. Color schemes can also contain different shades of a single color; for example, a color scheme that mixes different shades of green, ranging from very light (almost white) to very dark.
Complementary colors are two colors directly across from each other; for example, red and green are complementary colors. Tetradic color palettes use four colors, a pair of complementary color pairs. For example, one could use yellow, purple, red, and green. Tetrad colors can be found by putting a square or rectangle on the color wheel.An analogous color scheme is made up of colors next to each other on the wheel. For example, red, orange, and yellow are analogous colors. Monochromatic colors are different shades of the same color. For example, light blue, indigo, and cyan blue. Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel. For example, blue and orange. Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other, in a triangle over the color wheel. For example, the primary colors red, yellow, and blue are triadic colors.[17]
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color-circle psychology red green blue.
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