Movatterモバイル変換

Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

British possession in North America between 1866–1871

This article is about the colony united from the merger of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia. For the former mainland colony, seeColony of British Columbia (1858–1866).

Colony of British Columbia

1866–1871

Flag

Coat of arms

Anthem: God Save the Queen

The modern Canadian province of British Columbia has the same boundaries as its colonial predecessor.

Status

British colony

Capital

Victoria

Common languages

Religion

Christianity,Indigenous beliefs

Government

Constitutional monarchy

Monarch

• 1866-1871

Victoria

Governor

• 1866-1869

Frederick Seymour

• 1869-1871

Anthony Musgrave

Historical era

British era

• Established, by merger withColony of Vancouver Island

19 November 1866^[1]

• EnteredCanadian Confederation

20 July 1871

Currency

British Columbia dollar

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Colony of Vancouver Island
	Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866)
	Russian America

Province of British Columbia

TheColony of British Columbia was aBritish Crown Colony that resulted from the 1866 merger of two British colonies, theColony of Vancouver Island and the mainlandColony of British Columbia. The united colony existed until its incorporation intoCanadian Confederation in 1871 as theProvince of British Columbia.

Background

[edit]

Main article:History of British Columbia

TheColony of Vancouver Island was created in 1849 to bolster British claims to the whole island and the adjacentGulf Islands, and to provide a North Pacific home port for theRoyal Navy at Esquimalt. By the mid-1850s, the Island Colony's non-indigenous population was around 800 people; a mix of mostly British, French-Canadian, Hawaiians, but with handfuls of Iroquoians, Métis and Cree in the employ of the fur company, and a few Belgian and FrenchOblate priests. First Nations populations had not recovered from smallpox epidemics in the 1770s and 1780s.^[2] Three years earlier, theOregon Treaty had established the boundary betweenBritish North America and the United States west of theRocky Mountains along the49th parallel. The mainland area of present-dayBritish Columbia was an unorganized territory under British sovereignty until 1858. The region was under the administration of theHudson's Bay Company, and its regional chief executive,James Douglas, who was also the Governor of Vancouver Island. The region was informally given the nameNew Caledonia, after the fur-trading district which covered the central and northern interior of the mainland west of the Rockies.

All this changed with theFraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1857–1858, when the non-aboriginal population of the mainland swelled from about 150 Hudson's Bay Company employees and their families to about 20,000prospectors, speculators, land agents, and merchants. The BritishColonial Office acted swiftly, proclaiming the CrownColony of British Columbia (1858–1866) on 2 August 1858, and dispatchingRichard Clement Moody and theRoyal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west"^[3] and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".^[4] Moody was appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works andLieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.

United colonies

[edit]

This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Colony of British Columbia" 1866–1871 – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Moody and the Columbia Detachment disbanded in July 1863, and Moody returned to England. Douglas continued to administer the mainland colonyin absentia from Victoria, butSir Arthur Kennedy was appointed to succeed him as Governor of Vancouver Island.New Westminster would welcome its firstresident governor,Frederick Seymour, in 1864. Both colonies were labouring under huge debts, largely accumulated by the completion of extensive infrastructure to service the huge population influx. As gold revenues dropped, the loans secured to pay for these projects undermined the economies of the colonies, and pressure grew in London for their amalgamation. Despite a great deal of ambivalence in some quarters, on 6 August 1866, the united colony was proclaimed, with the capital and assembly in Victoria, and Seymour was designated governor.^{[citation needed]}

Seymour continued as governor of the united colonies until 1869, but after theBritish North America Act, 1867 joined the three colonies (New Brunswick,Nova Scotia, and theProvince of Canada) into theDominion of Canada in 1867, it seemed increasingly only a matter of time before Vancouver Island and British Columbia would negotiate terms of union. Major players in the Confederation League such asAmor De Cosmos,Robert Beaven, andJohn Robson pushed for union primarily as a way of advancing both the economic health of the region, as well as increased democratic reform through trulyrepresentative andresponsible government. In this effort, they were supported and aided by Canadian officials, especially SirSamuel Tilley, aFather of Confederation and Minister of Customs in the government of Prime Minister SirJohn A. Macdonald. Seymour, ill and beset by protests that he was dragging in his feet in completing negotiations for the HBC's territory, was facing the end of his term, and Macdonald was pressing London to replace him withSir Anthony Musgrave, outgoing governor of theColony of Newfoundland. Before the appointment could be finalized, however, Seymour died.^{[citation needed]}

With Musgrave's appointment, the British colonial secretary,Lord Granville, pushed Musgrave to accelerate negotiations with Canada towards union. It took almost two years for those negotiations, in which Canada eventually agreed to shoulder the colonies' massive debt and join the territory to atranscontinental railway, to be finalized. His efforts led to the admission of British Columbia as the sixth province of Canada on 20 July 1871.^{[citation needed]}

Governors of the united Colony of British Columbia

[edit]

Frederick Seymour, 1866–1869
SirAnthony Musgrave, 1869–1871

Legislative Council of the united Colony of British Columbia

[edit]

From 1866 to 1869, fourteen members were appointed by the governor and nine were elected by the public.^[5]

From 1869 to 1872, thirteen members were appointed by the Governor, eight were elected by the public.^[6]

Elections to the Legislative Council of the united Colony of British Columbia

[edit]

Supreme Court

[edit]

In 1869 Supreme Courts were established on the mainland ("The Supreme Court of the Mainland of British Columbia") and on Vancouver Island ("Supreme Court of Vancouver Island"), which merged in 1870 as theSupreme Court of British Columbia.^[7]

In 1858 the British Government had sent overMatthew Baillie Begbie asChief Justice for the colony. Although trained atLincoln's Inn he had never practised law, but soon published a Rules of Court and a timetable of sittings. He held the post, under consecutive administrative regimes, until his death in 1894.^[8]

References

[edit]

^"November 19, 1866: The Colonies of British Columbia and vancouver island are united as the new colony of british columbia".BC black history awareness society. Retrieved29 June 2024.
^"Smallpox in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia".thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved21 March 2023.
^Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p.146
^Jean Barman,The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p.71
^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved10 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved10 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^The Laws of British Columbia: Consisting of the Acts, Ordinances. p. 112.
^"Wild, Wild West Law". Duhaime.org. Archived fromthe original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved6 October 2015.

External links

[edit]

Order in Council determining British Columbia's terms of union with the Dominion of Canada, 1871
Ormsby, Margaret A. (1976)."Seymour, Frederick". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.).University of Toronto Press.
Haworth, Kent M. (1982)."Musgrave, Sir Anthony". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.).University of Toronto Press.

v t e Former colonies and territories in Canada
Norse	Named territories Vinland Sites: L'Anse aux Meadows
French	Claims New France Acadia Isle St-Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal (Annapolis Royal) Quebec Trois-Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of forts
Spanish	Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel,Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest
Scottish	Claims Nova Scotia (1621) Sites Port Royal Colony
Russian	Claims Russian America
American	Claims Oregon Country
Danish	Claims Nova Dania
English and British	Claims Newfoundland (1583) British Arctic Territories New Albion (?) New Britain New Yorkshire Rupert's Land Nova Scotia (1710) Quebec Lower andUpper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia (1858–1866) British Columbia (1866–1871) Stickeen North-Western Territory (districts) Red River Important sites Cuper's Cove Avalon (1620) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley
Norwegian	Claims Sverdrup Islands
Related	Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada
Category Canada portal

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe
Corsica 1794–1796 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800(integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

v t e Thirteen Colonies
New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Tobacco Colonies Southern Colonies United Colonies
Virginia (1607–1776) New Hampshire (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) Maryland (1632–1776) Connecticut (1636–1776) Rhode Island (1636–1776) Delaware (1664–1776) New Jersey (1664–1673; 1702–1776) New York (1664–1776) Pennsylvania (1681–1776) Massachusetts Bay (1691–1776) North Carolina (1712–1776) South Carolina (1712–1776) Georgia (1732–1776)
Other British colonial entities in the contemporaryUnited States
Roanoke (1585–1590) Popham (1607–1608) Jamestown (1607–1699) Berkeley Hundred (1619) Plymouth (1620–1686; 1689–1691) Maine (1622–1658) Saint Croix (1625–1650) Carolana (1629–1663) Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629–1686; 1689–1691) Saybrook (1635–1644) New Haven (1638–1664) New England Confederation (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680) Carolina (1663–1712) Rupert's Land (1670–1811) North-Western Territory (1670–1870) East Jersey (1674–1702) West Jersey (1674–1702) Dominion of New England (1686–1689) Indian Reserve (1763–1783) Quebec (1763–1783) East Florida (1763–1783) West Florida (1763–1783) New Ireland (1779–1783; 1814–1815) Columbia District (1810–1846) Red River Colony (1811–1818) Stickeen Territories (1862–1863) Colony of British Columbia (1863–1866) Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island (1866–1871) Province of British Columbia (1871–1903)
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
Columbian Viceroyalty (1492–1535) New Spain 1521–1821;Spanish Florida, 1565–1763 New Navarre, 1565–1821 Captaincy General of the Philippines, 1565–1898 Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, 1580–1898 Santa Fe de Nuevo México, 1598–1821 Captaincy General of Cuba, 1607–1801 Spanish Saint Croix, 1650–1651 Spanish Texas, 1690–1821 Las Californias, 1767–1804 Spanish Louisiana, 1769–1801 Provincias Internas, 1776–1821 Spanish East Florida, 1783–1821 Spanish West Florida, 1783–1821 Alta California, 1804–1821 New France 1534–1763;French Canada, 1535–1763 French Florida, 1562–1565 Hospitaller Saint Croix, 1651–1665 French Saint Croix, 1665–1733 Illinois Country, 1675–1769 and 1801–1803 French Louisiana, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 New Netherland (1614–1667) Dutch Virgin Islands (1625–1672) New Sweden (1638–1655) Danish West Indies (1672–1917) Brandenburger Saint Thomas (1685–1754) Krabbeninsel (1689–1693) Scottish Darien Company (1698) Russian America (1799–1867)
Related documents
Discourse Concerning Western Planting(1584) Mayflower Compact(1620) Mourt's Relation(1622) Of Plymouth Plantation(1630–1651) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut(1638) Quintipartite Deed(1676)
Category