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Collaborative journalism is a growing practice in the field ofjournalism. One definition is "a cooperative arrangement (formal or informal) between two or more news and information organizations, which aims to supplement each organization's resources and maximize the impact of the content produced."[1] It is practiced by both professional andamateur reporters. It is not to be confused withcitizen journalism.
Collaborative journalism can take many forms. One way to categorize collaborations is by duration (either temporary or ongoing), or by the level of integration among collaborators (from no integration to top-level organizational integration). Most collaborations can be placed within a matrix defined by these two variables, as here:
Depending on the system of collaboration, individuals may also providefeedback orvote on whether an article is newsworthy. A single collaborative news story, therefore, may encompass multiple authors, varying articles, and ranged perspectives.[2]
Professional andamateur reporters may work together to develop collaborative news articles, or mainstream media sites may gather amateur blog posts to complement reporting.[3]
Collaborative journalists either contribute directly to stories, sometimes through a wiki-style collaboration platform, or build upon the story externally, often through personal blogs. Through combined authorship, collaborative journalism is thought by some to offer an increased independence of thought and experience unavailable to traditional media.[4]
Successful collaborative journalism projects require a participatory ethos with respect for content.
Collaboration among reporters or between newsrooms has been practiced in different forms for more than one hundred years. One of the earliest journalism collaborations was among the newsrooms that made up “the wires” in the mid-nineteenth century.[citation needed]
Through most of the twentieth century, especially after the advent of the penny papers, competition between outlets was the norm.[citation needed] But even during the height of profitability in the late twentieth century, when competition – not collaboration – was the most salient relationship between newsrooms, it was common practice for journalists on the same beat to collaborate by sharing notes, swapping tips, and helping each other out in general.[5] Formal collaboration during that period was most common among individuals or departments within a single organization, rather than between separate organizations. For example,Cable News Network (CNN) was formed in 1980, and codified intra-newsroom sharing – between the national headquarters and its television news affiliates – with CNN NewsSource in 1988.[citation needed]
However, there is a qualitative difference in the consciousness and intentionality with which collaborations are now being undertaken. The current excitement about collaborative journalism began in the mid-2000s, when publishers, journalism scholars, and foundations began to look at the opportunities made possible by digital networking.[citation needed]
ThePanama Papers project may be the largest example of a journalistic consortium to date. It began sometime in 2015[date missing] whenBastian Obermayer, an investigative reporter with the south German newspaperSüddeutsche Zeitung, was contacted by an anonymous source[6] and offered the trove of 11.5 million electronic documents fromMossack Fonseca, the world's fourth biggest offshore law firm detailing a web of secret offshore deals and loans worth billions of dollars, and details oftax avoidance designs in numerous countries. The newspaper's editors decided they could not handle the massive volume of information alone and initiated a collaborative journalisticconsortium including more than 140 journalists and theInternational Consortium of Investigative Journalists, a project of thenonprofitCenter for Public Integrity.
TheEuropean Investigative Collaborations (EIC) working with "over 60 journalists in 14 countries" published a "series of articles calledFootball Leaks—the "largest leak in sports history".[7]Football Leaks "led to the prosecution of football superstarCristiano Ronaldo and coachJose Mourinho."[8] EIC was established in the fall of 2015 with founding members that includeDer Spiegel,El Mundo,Médiapart, the Romanian Centre for Investigative Journalism (CRJI), andLe Soir.[9][10][11]
"Link journalism", a phrase coined by Scott Karp in 2008, is "a form of collaborative journalism in which a news story's writer provides externallinks within the story to reporting or other sources on the web."[12][13] These links are meant to complement, enhance, or add context to the original reporting.Jeff Jarvis, from the Graduate School of Journalism's new media program at theCity University of New York, has said that link journalism creates a "new architecture of news."[4]
Collaborative journalism has been implemented in several different ways.Wikinews, the "free-content online news source," lets any user edit or create a news story, similar in style toWikipedia. Several mainstream news sites have adopted a collaborative journalism approach toward news, through use of news aggregation.The Washington Post has developed a political site which links to related content from other news sites.NBC links to local newspapers, radio broadcasts, online videos, and blogs on its local television stations' sites. The sites do not separate articles written by NBC staff and links to outside sources.The New York Times has introduced aTimes Extra website feature which acts posts links to outside news sites.[4] Commenting on the launch ofTimes Extra,Marc Frons, CTO for Digital Operations at the New York Times, said:[14]
“In the past, I think many news organizations were afraid to link to other Web sites out of fear that they might be sending people to an unreliable source or that their readers would never return. But those fears were largely misplaced and we've seen a much more open policy when it comes to pointing readers at useful content elsewhere on the Web."
Other sites exhibit collaborative journalism through aggregation. On the siteNewsVine, for example, wire stories from the Associated Press complement user-generated stories and blog posts.Reddit and other news aggregation sites may also act as collaborative journalism sites, depending on where content originates.
Due to the increase in collaborative journalism, several organizations have begun to offer grants or awards for these types of projects. For example, Online Journalism Awards (launched in May 2000) added a new award category for collaborations and partnerships.[15] Clean Energy Wire offers grants for collaborative journalism projects on the topic of energy or the climate.[16] The annual Hostwriter Prize awards money to support pitches and published collaborative projects by journalists.[17]
Collaborative journalism has received some criticism:
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