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| Formerly | The Connecticut Leather Company |
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| Industry | |
| Founded | 1932 (1932) |
| Founder | Maurice Greenberg |
| Defunct | 1988 (1988) |
| Fate | Closed, properties sold |
| Headquarters | West Hartford, Connecticut,U.S. |
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| Products | |
Coleco Industries, Inc. (/kəˈliːkoʊ/kə-LEE-koh) was an American company founded in 1932 by Maurice Greenberg asThe Connecticut Leather Company.[3][4] The name "COLECO" is an abbreviation derived from the company's original name which combines the first two letters of "Connecticut," "Leather," and "Company."[5] It was a successful toy company in the 1980s, mass-producing versions ofCabbage Patch Kids dolls and itsvideo game consoles, theColeco Telstar dedicated consoles andColecoVision.[6][7][8] While the company ceased operations in 1988 as a result of bankruptcy, the Coleco brand was revived in 2005, and remains active to this day.
Coleco Industries, Inc. began in 1932 as The Connecticut Leather Company. The business supplied leather and "shoe findings" (the supplies and paraphernalia of a shoe repair shop) to shoe repairers.[9] In 1938, the company began selling rubber footwear. DuringWorld War II demand for the company's supplies increased and by the end of the war, the company was larger and had expanded into new and used shoe machinery, hat cleaning equipment and marble shoeshine stands.
By the early 1950s, and thanks to Maurice Greenberg's son, Leonard Greenberg, the company had diversified further and was making leather lacing andleathercraft kits. In 1954, at the New York Toy Fair, their leather moccasin kit was selected as a Child Guidance Prestige Toy, and Connecticut Leather Company decided to commit to the toy business. In 1956, Leonard read about the emerging technology of vacuum formed plastic; the company adopted this and it became increasingly successful, producing a wide variety of plastic toys and wading pools.
In 1961, the leather and shoe findings portion of the business was sold,[10] and Connecticut Leather Company became Coleco Industries, Inc, An abbreviation of "ConnecticutLeatherCompany". On January 9, 1962, Coleco went public, offering 120,000 shares of stock at $5.00 a share.[11]
In 1963, the company acquired the Kestral Corporation ofSpringfield, Massachusetts, a manufacturer of inflatable vinyl pools and toys. This led to Coleco becoming the largest manufacturer of above-groundswimming pools in the world.
In 1966, Leonard persuaded his brotherArnold Greenberg to join the company. Further acquisitions included Playtime Products (1966) and Eagle Toys of Canada (1968). By the end of the 1960s, Coleco operated ten manufacturing facilities and occupied a new corporate headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut.
Coleco experienced financial difficulty during the 1970s, even though sales had grown to $48.6 million in 1971. In 1972, Coleco entered the snowmobile market through acquisition. Lower than expected snowfall that year and market conditions led to very reduced sales and poor profits.
Dozens of companies rushed to introduce game systems after the release ofAtari's successfulPong console and the company entered thevideo game console business with theTelstar. Nearly all of the new game systems were based onGeneral Instrument's "Pong-on-a-chip". General Instrument had underestimated demand, resulting in severe shortages. However, Coleco was one of the first to place an order and therefore one of the few companies to receive the full order. Though dedicated game consoles did not last long on the market, their early order enabled Coleco tobreak even.
Coleco continued to perform well in electronics. The company transitioned intohandheld electronic games, a market popularized byMattel. An early success wasElectronic Quarterback. Coleco produced two popular lines of games, the "head to head" series of two player sports games (Football,Baseball,Basketball,Soccer,Hockey,Boxing) and the Mini-Arcade series of licensedvideo arcade titles such asDonkey Kong andMs. Pac-Man. A third line of educational handhelds was also produced and included the Electronic Learning Machine,Lil Genius,Digits, and a trivia game calledQuiz Wiz.[12] Launched in 1982, their first fourtabletop Mini-Arcades, forPac-Man,Galaxian,Donkey Kong, andFrogger, sold approximately three million units within a year.[13] Among these, 1.5 million units were sold forPac-Man alone.[14][15] In 1983, it released three more Mini-Arcades:Ms. Pac-Man,Donkey Kong Junior, andZaxxon.[13]
Coleco returned to the video game console market in 1982 with the launch of theColecoVision.[16] The system was quite popular and more powerful than theAtari 2600,[17] and came bundled with a copy ofDonkey Kong.[18] The console sold 560,000 units in 1982. Coleco also hedged its bet on video games by introducing a line ofROM cartridges for the Atari 2600 andIntellivision, selling six million cartridges for both systems, along with two million sold for the ColecoVision for a total of eight million cartridges sold in 1982. It also introduced theColeco Gemini, a clone of the popular Atari 2600, which came bundled with a copy ofDonkey Kong.[19]
When thevideo game business began to implode in 1983, it seemed clear that video game consoles were being supplanted byhome computers. Bob Greenberg, son of Leonard Greenberg and nephew of Arnold Greenberg, left Microsoft where he had been working as a program developer at the time to assist in Coleco's entry into this market. Coleco's strategy was to introduce theColeco Adam home computer, both as a stand-alone system and as an expansion module to the ColecoVision. The effort failed, in part because Adams were often unreliable due to being released with critical bugs,[20] and in part because the computer's release coincided with the home computer industry crashing.[16] Coleco withdrew from electronics early in 1985.[2]
In 1983, Coleco released theCabbage Patch Kids series of dolls which were wildly successful.[21] In the same year,Dr. Seuss signed a deal with Coleco to design a line of toys, including home video games based on his characters. Flush with success, Coleco purchased Leisure Dynamics (manufacturer of the board gamesAggravation andPerfection) and beleagueredSelchow and Righter, manufacturers ofScrabble,Parcheesi, andTrivial Pursuit, in 1986.[22][23] Sales of Selchow & Righter games had plummeted, leaving them with warehouses full of unsold games. The purchase price for Selchow & Righter was $75 million. That same year, Coleco introduced an ALF plush, based on the furry alien character who hadhis own television series at the time, as well as a talking version and a cassette-playing "Storytelling ALF" doll.[24]
The combination of the purchase of Selchow & Righter, the disastrous Adam computer, and the public's waning infatuation with Cabbage Patch Dolls all contributed to Coleco's financial decline. In 1988, the company filed forChapter 11 bankruptcy.[25]
The reorganized Coleco sold off all of its North American assets and outsourced thousands of jobs to foreign countries, closing plants inAmsterdam, New York and other cities.[26]
In 1988, Canada-based SLM Action Sports Inc. purchased Coleco's swimming pool and snow goods divisions.[27]
In 1989,Hasbro purchased most of Coleco's remaining product lines.[28]
Coleco as a brand name has been owned by several entities since it was created in 1961 by Coleco Industries, Inc.
In 2005, River West Brands, now Dormitus Brands, aChicago-basedbrand revitalization company, re-introduced the Coleco brand to the marketplace. In late 2006, the company introduced the Coleco Sonic, a handheld system containing twentyMaster System andGame Gear games, including two from theSonic the Hedgehog series.[29][30] In 2014, River West Brands established the subsidiary Coleco Holdings for their Coleco-branded projects.
In December 2015, Coleco Holdings announced the development of theColeco Chameleon, a new cartridge-based video game system; in actuality, a re-branding of the controversialRetro VGS console, whoseIndiegogo campaign failed to secure funding when it ended in early November 2015, with only $63,546 raised of its $1.95 million goal.[31][non-primary source needed] In the press release, it was established that the system would be able to play new and classic games in the 8, 16, and 32-bit styles. The release for the system was announced to be sometime in early 2016, with a demonstration at Toy Fair New York in February.[32] However, some critics suggested that the prototype fell short of its developmental goals and was nothing more than the motherboard of a Super NES modelSNS-101 inside anAtari Jaguar case. Later mock images of a prototype posted by AtariAge showed the device utilizing a CCTV capture card in place of a motherboard.[33][34] After Retro VGS failed to produce a fully working prototype, Coleco Holdings pulled out of involvement with Retro VGS, terminating the project.[35]
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