 Relationships (Outline) |
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Controlling behavior in relationships are behaviors exhibited by an individual who seeks to gain and maintain control over another person.[1][2][3] Abusers may utilize tactics such asintimidation orcoercion, and may seek personal gain, personalgratification, and the enjoyment of exercising power and control.[4] The victims of this behavior are often subject to psychological,physical,sexual, orfinancial abuse.
Manipulators and abusers may control their victims with a range of tactics, including, but not limited to,positive reinforcement (such aspraise,superficial charm,flattery,ingratiation,love bombing),negative reinforcement (taking away aversive tasks or items), intermittent or partial reinforcement,psychological punishment (such assilent treatment,threats,emotional blackmail,guilt trips) and traumatic tactics (such asverbal abuse orexplosive anger).[5]
Thevulnerabilities of the victim are exploited, with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.[5]: 3 [6][7]Traumatic bonding can occur between abusers and victims as the result of ongoingcycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement ofreward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds (that are resistant to change) and aclimate of fear.[8] An attempt may be made tonormalize,legitimize,rationalize,deny, orminimize the abusive behavior, or toblame the victim for it.[9][10][11]
In the study ofabnormal psychology, certainpersonality disorders display characteristics involving the need to gaincompliance or control over others:[12] There are many different types of personality disorders and they are often characterized by 3 clusters. Individuals withcluster B personality disorders might be more prone to some negative behaviors related to having power and control over others. Cluster B includes narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder.[13]
InEngland and Wales, theSerious Crime Act 2015 created a criminal offence for controlling or coercive behavior in an intimate or family relationship.[14][15] For the purposes of this offence, the coercive behaviour must have been engaged in "repeatedly or continuously".[16] Another element of the offence is that it must have had, or have, a "serious effect"[17] on the victim. One way this can be proved, is that the coercive behaviour can be shown to have caused the victim to fear violence on at least two occasions, or for it to have had, or have, a "substantial adverse effect on the victims' day to day activities".[18] The prosecution should be able to show that there was intent to control or coerce the targeted person in some manner.[19] In 2019, the UK government made teaching about what coercive control was a mandatory part of the education syllabus on relationships.[20]
In 2019, Ireland enacted the Domestic Violence Act 2018, which allowed for the practice of coercive control to be identifiable based upon its effects on the victim. On this basis, it was defined as 'any evidence of deterioration in the physical, psychological, or emotional welfare of the applicant or a dependent person which is caused directly by fear of the behaviour of the respondent.'.[21]
In the United States, to assist in preventing and stopping domestic violence against children, there have been laws put into place to mandate report in specific professions, such as teacher, doctor, or care provider, any suspected abuse happening in the home.[22]
Family law is mostly under the jurisdiction of state and local governments in the United States. As such, states are unequally tackling coercive control through legislation.
Jennifers' Law is a law in the U.S. state ofConnecticut that expands the definition of domestic violence to include coercive control. The law is named for two women, both victims of domestic violence:Jennifer Farber Dulos and Jennifer Magnano.[23] It became a law in 2021.[24]
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