| Cocos Islands mutiny | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWorld War II | |||||||
_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png) Map of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ceylonese mutineers | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Captain Gardiner | Gratien Fernando  | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 26 men Six-inch (152 mm) guns | 15 men 1Bren light machine gun Six-inch (152 mm) and nine-inch (227 mm) guns | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 killed 1 wounded | 3 executed 8 imprisoned | ||||||
TheCocos Islands mutiny was a failedmutiny bySri Lankan soldiers againstBritish officers, on theCocos (Keeling) Islands on 8 May 1942, during theSecond World War.
The mutineers attempted to seize control of the islands and disable the Britishgarrison. However, the mutiny was defeated, the mutineers punished, and the three ringleaders executed; the onlyBritish Commonwealth servicemen to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.
Units belonging to theCeylon Defence Force (CDF), including theCeylon Garrison Artillery (CGA), theCeylon Light Infantry (CLI) and theCeylon Volunteer Medical Corps, were mobilised on 2 September 1939, the day before Britain declared war onNazi Germany. The CGA was equipped with six-inch (152 mm) and nine-inch (227 mm) guns. Several of them were posted to theSeychelles and theCocos Islands, accompanied by contingents of the CLI and the Medical Corps. The full contingent of the CDF in the Cocos Islands numbered around 75 personnel. It was under the command of Captain George Gardiner, an accountant of an export firm in Colombo at the outbreak of war, he had obtained an emergency war commission. Two six-inch guns were deployed on Horsburgh Island, Cocos Atoll, as well as a platoon of theKing's African Rifles.[1]
Thesinking ofPrince of Wales andRepulse and the subsequentfall of Singapore did to British and Imperial forces whatPearl Harbor had to theAmericans: compromised their ability to defend their interests north of Australia and east of India. The Japanese raids into the Indian Ocean, resulting in the loss of two cruisers and theaircraft carrierHermes, threw Allied war plans in the entire Southwest Pacific Area into chaos.
With the Japanese successes, public sentiment on Ceylon increased in favour of the Japanese; encouraged by successful Japanese-trained and -directed rebellions in Indonesia and support for Japanese forces in Thailand,Sinkiang and the Philippines, many Ceylonese hoped that the Japanese would help them gain independence. At this time a youngJ.R. Jayawardene, later to be President of Sri Lanka, held discussions with the Japanese with this aim in mind. However, this was immediately stopped byD S Senanayake who collaborated with the Colonial Government, being rewarded with the Premiership, being hand-picked to lead the post-colonial government after 1948.[citation needed]
On the night of 8 May, 30 out of 56 personnel of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery onHorsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands mutinied, intending to hand the islands over to the Japanese. The plan was to arrest Captain Gardiner, the British Battery Commanding Officer and his deputy, Lieutenant Stephens, disarm the troops loyal to theBritish Empire, turn the 6-inch guns on the CLI troops on Direction Island, and to signal the Japanese onChristmas Island, which the Japanese had occupied on 3 March 1942.[2]
However, the soldiers all proved to be poor shots with small arms: one soldier, Gunner Samaris Jayasekera, was killed; Lieutenant Stephens was wounded by them; and the rebels' soleBren gun jammed at a crucial moment asGratien Fernando, the leader of the mutiny, had it aimed at Gardiner. The rebels then attempted to turn the 6-inch guns on Direction Island, but were overpowered.[3]
Messages sent by Fernando were received in Ceylon, indicating that there was co-operation between him and both the CLI troops and the Australian signalers on Direction Island, however, none of them took part in the mutiny. The CLI helped to put down the mutineers. He declared he had surrendered on condition that he would be tried inColombo; it may be that he intended to give a speech from the dock to inspire his compatriots. However, the 15 mutineers were court-martialed on the Cocos Islands by Gardiner. Seven of the men who were found guilty were sentenced to death, with four of these sentences commuted to terms of imprisonment.[1] Gunner Samaris Jayasekera was buried with full military honours on Horsburgh Island on the evening of 10 May and later reburied in Singapore'sKranji War Memorial.
The condemned mutineers were shipped back to Ceylon, imprisoned at the military jail in Flagstaff Street and then at military detention barracks at Hulftsdorp. The families of the condemned appealed to SirOliver Goonetilleke, then Civil Defence Commissioner and a member of the War Council to save them,H. W. Amarasuriya andSusantha de Fonseka, members of theState Council, also made representations to the GovernorSirAndrew Caldecott andAdmiralGeoffrey Layton, requesting clemency. However, their pleas failed.
Fernando was defiant to the end, confidently believing that he would be remembered as a patriot, and refused a commutation of punishment. He was executed on 5 August 1942 at Welikada Prison, and two other mutineers shortly thereafter.
The three mutineers were the only British Commonwealth troops to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War. The CDF detachment in Cocos Islands returned just before Christmas 1942, these veterans had their promotions suspended and denied the campaign medals for active war service. No Ceylonese combat regiment was deployed by the British in a combat situation after the Cocos Islands Mutiny. However, support units were deployed, most notably in North Africa. The defences of Ceylon were increased to three British armydivisions because the island was strategically important, holding almost all the British Empire's resources ofrubber that remained after the fall ofMalaya. Rationing was instituted so that the Ceylonese were comparatively better fed than their Indian neighbours, in order to prevent disaffection among the natives.[citation needed]
TheLSSP's anti-colonial agitation now included references to the Cocos Islands Mutiny as public opposition at British colonial rule continued to grow. Goonetilleke, the Civil Defence Commissioner claimed that the British commander of Ceylon, Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton called him a 'black bastard'.[citation needed]
The men who were convicted bycourt martial of mutiny were:
