"Tryzub" redirects here. For the nationalistic paramilitary organization, seeTryzub (organization). For the exoplanet, seeHAT-P-15b.
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The small coat of arms was officially adopted on 19 February 1992,[1] whileconstitutional provisions exist for establishing the great coat of arms, which is not yet officially adopted as of March 2024. The small coat of arms was designed byAndriy Grechylo, Oleksii Kokhan, and Ivan Turetskyi. It appears on thepresidential standard. Blue-coloured tridents are considered to be an irregular representation by theUkrainian Heraldry Society. The greater coat of arms which has not been adopted consists of the small coat of arms and the coat of arms of theZaporizhian Host (Constitution of Ukraine, Article 20).
The trident was not thought of as a national symbol until 1917, when one of the most prominent Ukrainian historians,Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, proposed to adopt it as anational symbol (alongside other variants, including anarbalest, abow or a cossack carrying amusket, i.e. images that carried considerable historical and cultural and heraldic significance for Ukraine). On 25 February 1918, theCentral Rada (parliament) adopted it as the coat of arms of the short-livedUkrainian People's Republic.
During the Soviet period of 1919–1991 and independence between 1991 and 1992, the state symbols were consistent with theRussian SFSR and theSoviet Union – ahammer and sickle over the rising sun.
The modern "trident" symbol was adopted as the coat of arms of theUkrainian People's Republic in February 1918, designed by the Ukrainian artist and designerVasyl Krychevsky. The design has precedents in the seals ofKievan Rus'. The first known archaeological and historical evidence of this symbol can be found on theseals of theRurik dynasty. However, according toPritsak, the stylized tridenttamga, or seal, which was used by rulers such asSviatoslav I andsimilar tamgas that were found in ruins areKhazar in origin.[2][3][4]
It was stamped on the gold and silver coins issued byVladimir the Great (r. 980–1015), also known as Volodymyr, who might have inherited the symbol from his ancestors (such asSviatoslav I) as a dynastic coat of arms, and he passed it on to his sons,Sviatopolk I (1015–1019) andYaroslav the Wise (1019–54). The symbol was also found on the bricks of theChurch of the Tithes inKyiv, the tiles of theDormition Cathedral inVolodymyr, and the stones of other churches, castles, and palaces. There are many examples of it used on ceramics, weapons, rings, medallions, seals, and manuscripts.
Thegyrfalcon, possibly the inspiration for the trident
Historians have multiple interpretations of the origin of the symbol, including afalcon, an arched bow, theHoly Trinity, or an anchor.[5] Depictions of a flying falcon with aChristian cross above its head have been found inOld Ladoga, the first seat of the KievanRurikids,[6] of Scandinavian lineage.[7] Such a falcon, along with a cross, are also featured on the coins ofOlaf Guthfrithsson, a Viking king of Dublin and Northumbria.[6]
Falconry has been a royal sport in Europe for centuries. Thegyrfalcon (known also asNorwegian falcon) was considered a royal bird and is mentioned (ukr.: рарог) in one of the earliest epics ofRuthenia, the 12th-century poemThe Tale of Igor's Campaign.
Later images of the trident ("tryzub") among the Rurikids resemble more abident or the letter "У", which also in the modernCyrillic alphabet denotes the sound "u" as in "Ukraine" (though the Cyrillic alphabet at the time did not use this letter individually, using the digraph ОУ/ОѴ or its monogram Ꙋ instead).
The Tryzub is used in military heraldry to commemorate participation on theEastern Front during World War II. Over 36 units of the Italian Army carry the Tryzub in theircoat of arms, as they were awarded aMedal for Military Valor during their service on the territory of Ukraine. The Tryzub is the coat of arms of the town ofZaslawye in Belarus. In the early 20th century, the Tryzub was used in conjunction with the tricolorflag of Russia as the symbol of theNational Alliance of Russian Solidarists.[citation needed]
The seal of KingGeorge-Boleslav denoting a horse rider with a lion on the coat of arms
Coin of Galicia after the Polish annexation (Moneta Russie)
The coat of arms for the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, later theKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia, has existed since the 12th century. It consisted of alion on an azureheater shield.[13] TheRuthenian lion first appears in the seal of the Ruthenian kingYurii I, dated to the beginning of the XIV century. There is an image of a monarch on a throne, and on the reverse, an armed horseman holding a shield with a lion on his hind leg, an example ofequestrian seals common in Europe at the time. On the seal, there is an inscription in Latin: "Sigillum Domini Georgi Regis Rusie" (Seal of the owner of George-Yuri, King of Ruthenia), on the back: "Sigillum Domini Georgi Ducis Ladimerie" (seal of the owner of George-Yuri, prince of Lodomeria).
On the seal of his sonLev II, only a lion without a rider is depicted. The animal stands on its hind legs and reverses to the left.
Figures of lions as symbols of Ruthenia are found on the silver coins of the Lithuanian prince Lubart, the last ruler of the Kingdom of Ruthenia (1340–1383), and his son Fedor (1384–1387). We see the same motive on Ruthenian money, the issue of which continued during the reign in Ruthenia of the Polish king Casimir III (1349–1370), the Hungarian king Louis (1370–1372, 1378–1382) and his governor, Prince of Opole Vladislav (1372–1378).
Coat of arms of (left) the Zaporizhian Host (Cossack Hetmanate); (right) Sketch by Heorhiy Narbut for the Ukrainian State (1918)
A Cossack with a musket was an emblem of theZaporizhian Host and later the state emblem of the Hetmanate and theUkrainian State. The origin of the emblem is uncertain, while its first records date back to 1592. On the initiative ofPyotr Rumyantsev, the emblem was phased out and replaced by the Russian double-headed eagle in 1767. A Cossack with a rifle was restored by theHetman of UkrainePavlo Skoropadsky in 1918. The emblem disappeared until in 2005, when it reappeared on the proposed Great Seal of Ukraine.
Designs of the coat of arms of Ukraine by Heorhiy Narbut are projects of the State Coat of Arms of theUkrainian State and the Great Coat of Arms of the Ukrainian State developed by the Ukrainian artistHeorhiy Narbut in 1918. Heorhiy Narbut took as a basis the national symbols of the hetman state of the Zaporizhzhia Army. On an octagonal blue shield, a Cossack dressed in gold ornamented robes was placed in the center.[14] Above the Cossack's shield rose a golden trident, the sign of Grand Duke Volodymyr. TheCossack was turned to the right, and around his shield was a silver cantush, painted in a floral baroque style. The trident gained popularity in the Ukrainian People's Republic, because it was depicted on the karbovanets coins introduced in December 1917.[15] The first coin of the Ukrainian People's Republic was 100karbovanets. George Narbut used baroque elements and heraldic signs - the trident and coat of arms of the Kyiv Magistrate of the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the form of a crossbow. So the trident became a popular symbol and eventually turned into a small coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Since January 22, 1919, the Trident was also used as the coat of arms of the Western region of theUkrainian People's Republic. It remained the coat of arms of the hetman state ofPavlo Skoropadskyi, as well as theDirectorate of Ukraine.
The importance of the Kyiv region coat of arms withArchangel Michael known as Archistrategos Mykhaïl arose during discussion of the so-called 1658treaty of Hadiach between the delegation of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Crown of Poland, that foresaw the transformation of the Commonwealth into thePolish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth. The coat of arms with Archangel Michael is often confused with symbol of the Kyiv City. Note that before the Muscovite annexation of Ukrainian lands in 18th century (see "partitions of Poland"), the city had another symbol which was included byMykhailo Hrushevsky in his proposal of the Ukrainian coat of arms.
The coat of arms was created after the end of theFirst World War, when Carpathian Ruthenia (then called Subcarpathian Rus') was transferred fromHungary to the newly created state ofCzechoslovakia. It was designed in 1920 byCzech historianGustav Friedrich [Wikidata]. TheRuthenians had been promised autonomy within the new country, and therefore a coat of arms was created for their land.[citation needed]
The coat of arms shows the Ukrainian tinctures (heraldic colours) of blue and gold in its first (dexter) field and a red bear on silver in its second field. The bear is perhaps a symbol of Carpathian wildlife. The horizontal lines (in heraldry called bars) could perhaps have been inspired by the partitions per fess in the coat of arms of Hungary, to which the territory had belonged.
The arms were also used by the short-lived state ofCarpatho-Ukraine in 1939, but with the addition of the Ukrainian Tryzub in the uppermost blue field, used previously by the Ukrainian People's Republic. Since the territory is the same for the currentZakarpattia Oblast, the oblast uses the arms as its own minus the trident.
The coat of arms of theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted on 14 March 1919 by the government of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was modified on 7 November 1928, 30 January 1937, and 21 November 1949. The 1949 coat of arms is based on the coat of arms of theSoviet Union and features thehammer and sickle with asunrise on a baroque-styled shield crowned with thered star, and having ears of wheat on its outer rims.
The banner bears the Soviet Union state motto ("Workers of the world, unite!") in both the Ukrainian and Russian languages or Ukrainian only on some editions of the emblem. The name of theunion republic was shown as a Russian acronym on the first emblem edition, on the next two editions as a Ukrainian acronym, while the latest edition contained the actual word "Ukrainian". The latest edition of the emblem was the one crowned with the red star which was not featured on previous editions.
After independence on 24 August 1991, Ukraine retained the Soviet emblem. The next year, in 1992, the emblem was changed to the present coat of arms of Ukraine, the tryzub (trident) coat of arms.
Among other notable features are ArchistrategeMichael the Archangel, Pohoń Ruśka (Ruthenian Pursuer), Three crowns (representing three kings Daniel, Leo and George),[13] Galician jackdaw, Volhynian silvercross pattée at the red field, Podolian gold sun, Chernihiv black eagle, Kharkiv crossed cornucopia and caduceus at the green field, Okhtyrka goldencross trefly on at the blue field.
In 1917, President of theCentral RadaMykhailo Hrushevsky proposed the Great Coat of Arms in the form of a single shield topped by a dove with olive branch. The shield was split five ways. At its center there was a smaller shield depicting aplough as a symbol of productive peaceful work surrounded by ancient state symbols of Ukraine: the princely arms ofVladimir the Great or Volodymyr the Great (tryzub),Litvin Pogon with a golden lion,cossack with musket, the crossbow of Kyiv and the lion of Lviv.
In the currentConstitution of Ukraine there is a constitutional provisions for the establishment of a Great Coat of Arms of Ukraine,[18] although it was never officially adopted[19] and was published in various heraldic sources. In this variant, the shield is supported by a lion from theGalician Coat of Arms on the left and a cossack in traditional dress, wielding amusket, the symbol of theCossack Hetmanate on the right. The Coat of Arms is crowned with the crown of Volodymyr the Great, symbolizing Ukrainiansovereignty and decorated withviburnum and wheat at the bottom.
SinceUkrainian independence in 1991 four attempts by theUkrainian government to create an official Great Coat of Arms have failed.[19] The official adoption of the Great Coat of Arms has to be endorsed (in a second reading[20]) by a two-thirds majority vote (300 votes) in theVerkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament.[19]
On 25 August 2020 the Verkhovna Rada instructed theShmyhal Government to get an official Great Coat of Arms of Ukraine adopted in time for the30th anniversary of Ukrainian independence.[19] On the day of the 30th anniversary of Ukrainian independence, 24 August 2021, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a law in its first reading that establishes an official Great Coat of Arms of Ukraine with 257 votes.[20]
^Свірко, В.; А. Рубцов; А. Горпинченко; В. Синельнікова; Г. Доценко; О. Купко; І. Потапенко; Е. Єршова (September 2006).Державний прапор України. ДСТУ 4512:2006.Київ: Держспоживстандарт України. p. 7.
Леонід К. В справі герба України. — Київ : Видавництво „Шлях“, 1918. — 8 с.
Все про світ. Країни. Прапори. Герби: енциклопедичний довідник / [відповідальний за випуск М. Ілляш]. — К. : Школа, 2001. — 622 с.ISBN966-7657-79-5.
Ґречило А. Українська територіальна геральдика. — Львів, 2010. — 280 с. (ISBN978-966-02-5259-2)
Гай-Нижник П. П. З історії створення державного герба та печатки Української держави Павла Скоропадського // Архіви України. — № 6, 2001
Ґречило А. Становлення українських національно-державних символів у 1917—1920 роках // Записки наукового товариства ім. Шевченка. — Львів, 2006. — Т. CCLII. — С. 114—142.
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