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Thecoat of arms of Russia derives from the earliercoat of arms of the Russian Empire. Though modified more than once since the reign ofIvan III (1462–1505), the current coat of arms is directly derived from its medieval original, with thedouble-headed eagle havingByzantine and earlier antecedents. The generaltincture corresponds to the fifteenth-century standard.[1]
«...четырёхугольный, с закруглёнными нижними углами, заострённый в оконечности красный геральдический щит с золотым двуглавым орлом, поднявшим вверх распущенные крылья. Орел увенчан двумя малыми коронами и — над ними — одной большой короной, соединенными лентой. В правой лапе орла — скипетр, в левой — держава. На груди орла, в красном щите, — серебряный всадник в синем плаще на серебряном коне, поражающий серебряным копьём черного опрокинутого навзничь и попранного конём дракона.»
Which is translated as:
"… a gold two-headed eagle with raised extended wings set against a four-cornered red heraldic shield with rounded lower corners. Two small crowns top the eagle's heads, with one large crown above them. The three crowns are linked by a ribbon. The eagle holds a sceptre in its right claw and an orb in its left claw. The eagle bears a red shield on its breast depicting a silver horseman in a blue cape, mounted upon a silver horse and slaying a black dragon with a silver spear."
Today, the imperial crowns on each head stand for the unity and sovereignty ofRussia, both as a whole and in its constituent republics and regions. Theorb andscepter grasped in the eagle's talons are traditional heraldic symbols of sovereign power and authority. Of note is that the scepter shows theDroste effect, as it is topped by a miniature image of the coat-of-arms itself. They have been retained in the modern Russian arms despite the fact that the Russian Federation is not a monarchy, which led to objections by the Communists even though both the blue ribbon and the collar of theOrder of St. Andrew (which in the imperial arms supported the three crowns and surrounded the centralshield) have been removed from the current coat of arms.
It appears on the federal buildings and is on the cover of thenational passport.
The standard of thepresident of Russia is a squared Russian tricolour defaced with the coat of arms of Russia, the banner of theRussian Armed Forces also has the coat of arms centered on the obverse side. Some state awards of Russia are also designed based on the coat of arms, including theState Prize.Russian ruble coins depict the coat of arms on the obverse side since 2016.
The heraldic device of Russia has gone through three major periods in its history, undergoing major changes in the transitions between theRussian Empire, theSoviet Union, and theRussian Federation. The use of the double-headed eagle as a Russian coat of arms goes back to the 15th century. With thefall of Constantinople and the end of theByzantine Empire in 1453, the Grand Dukes ofMuscovy came to see themselves as the successors of the Byzantine heritage, a notion reinforced by the marriage ofIvan III toSophia Paleologue (hence the expression "Third Rome" for Moscow and, by extension, for the whole of Imperial Russia). Ivan adopted the golden Byzantine double-headed eagle in his seal, first documented in 1472, marking his direct claim to the Roman imperial heritage and posing as a sovereign equal and rival to theHoly Roman Empire.[citation needed] In 1497, it was stamped on a charter of share and allotment of independent princes' possessions. At about the same time, the image of a gilt, double-headed eagle on a red background appeared on the walls of thePalace of Facets in theMoscow Kremlin.
The other main Russian coat of arms, the image of St George slaying the dragon, is contemporaneous. In its first form, as a rider armed with a spear, it is found in the seal ofVasili I of Moscow in 1390. At the time of Ivan III, the dragon was added, but the final association with Saint George was not made until 1730, when it was described as such in an Imperial decree. Eventually, St George became the patron saint of Moscow (and, by extension, of Russia).
After the assumption of the title ofTsar byIvan IV, the two coats are found combined, with the eagle bearing an escutcheon depicting St George on the breast. With the establishment of theMoscow Patriarchate in 1589, apatriarchal cross was added for a time between the heads of the eagle.
TheSoviet Union state motto ("Workers of the world, unite!") inRussian ('Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!' —Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes!) is also a part of the coat of arms.
TheSoviet Union as a whole adopted its emblem in 1923, which remained in use until thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Although it is technically an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditionalheraldic rules, in Russian it is calledгерб (gerb), the word used for a traditional coat of arms. It was the first state insignia created in the style known associalist heraldry, a style also seen in e.g. theChinese national emblem.
The emblem shows the Soviet emblems of the Hammer and Sickle and the Red Star over a globe, in the center of a wreath wrapped in ribbons emblazoned with the communist motto ("Workers of the world, unite!") in theofficial languages of theSoviet republics with the Russian inscription in the centre, in the reverse order they were mentioned in the Soviet Constitution. Each Soviet Republic (SSR) andAutonomous Soviet Republic (ASSR) had its own coat of arms, largely inspired by the state emblem of the Union.
In 1992, the inscription was changed fromRSFSR ('РСФСР') to theRussian Federation ('Российская Федерация') in connection with the change of the name of the state.[5] In 1993, presidentBoris Yeltsin signed a decree to replace the Communist design by the present coat of arms.[6][7]
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