Achievements, which may also be used in other historical forms.[1]
The officialHungarian state flag does not include the Hungarian coat of arms, but the variant with the coat of arms is often used during solemn occasions.
Barry of eight Gules and Argent, impaling Gules, on a trimount Vert a ducal coronet Or issuing therefrom aPatriarchal cross Argent
Thecoat of arms of Hungary (Hungarian:Magyarország címere) was adopted on 11 July 1990,[3] after the end ofcommunist rule. The arms have been used before, both with and without theHoly Crown of Hungary, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and its elements date back to theMiddle Ages.
The coat of arms of Hungary shall be a vertically divided shield with a pointed base. The left field shall contain eight horizontal bars of red and silver. The right field shall have a red background and shall depict a base of three green hills with a golden crown atop the central hill and a silver patriarchal cross issuing from the middle of the crown. The Holy Crown shall rest on top of the shield.
Thedexter (the right side from the bearer's perspective, the left side from the viewer's) features the so-calledÁrpád stripes, four Gules (red) and four Argent (silver) stripes. Traditionally, the silver stripes represent four rivers:Duna (Danube),Tisza,Dráva, andSzáva.[5]
Thesinister (the left side from the bearer's perspective, the right side from the viewer's) consists of an Argent (silver)double cross on Gules (red) base, situated inside a small Or (golden) crown, the crown is placed on the middle heap of three Vert (green) hills, representing the mountain ranges (trimount)Tátra,Mátra, andFátra.
The griffin, wolf, and deer, these common motifs of the 9th and early 10th centuries, rarely appear in later Hungarian iconography and heraldic symbolism. However the hawk or Turul, a symbol in shamanistic lore that rested upon the tree of life, connecting the earth, the netherworld, and the skies, endured for a longer period as an emblem of the Hungarian ruling house.[7] The rulingÁrpád dynasty is also referred to as the Turul dynasty.[8]
King Attila's banner bore the image of the bird the Hungarians call Turul, with a crown on its head, and this emblem he carried on his own shield. In fact, until the time of Duke Géza this flag was always carried with the Hunnish army, as long as they had a communal style government.
The double cross, a symbol of royal power, appeared during the reign of KingBéla III of Hungary (1172–1196).[10][11][12] Daughter of KingSaint Ladislaus I of Hungary,Saint Irene was a Byzantine empress, she was the mother of the Byzantine EmperorManuel I Komnenos. The second son of KingGéza II of Hungary, Béla arrived inConstantinople in 1163. Béla was raised in the imperial court of Manuel due to the close Byzantine-Hungarian relations of the mid-12th century, and he was even the heir to the throne. He had ambitions to create a Hungarian–Byzantine personal union.[12] In 1169, Manuel's young wife gave birth to a son, thus depriving Béla of his status as heir of the Byzantine throne. The most intensive contacts between the Hungarian royal court and the Constantinople imperial court was under Béla III.[12] It was during this time that he brought with him the double cross as a royal emblem, which appeared for the first time on his coat of arms and minted coins.[10][12]
KingEmeric (1196-1204) issued aGolden Bull. TheÁrpád dynasty's striped coat of arms, theÁrpád stripes appeared for the first time on the ornate seal of the king, issued in 1202.[10][11] The royal charters issued by monarchs were authenticated by seals and bulls, making them the most important sources for the medieval history of Hungarian coats of arms. The first colored depiction of the striped Árpád coat of arms can be seen in theZurich armorial scroll from the 1320s. The Árpád coat of arms was only in use for a short period during the 13th century. On the coins and seals of KingBéla IV of Hungary (1235–1270), the double-cross shield reappears.[10]
After the extinction of the male branch of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, the HungarianAnjou kings (KingCharles I of Hungary (1308–1342), KingLouis I of Hungary (1342–1382)) combined the Árpád dynasty's striped shield with their own lily coat of arms. At this time, the placement of the stripes was not yet fixed and could appear on either side of the coat of arms. By using the striped shield, the Anjous indicated their connection to the Árpád dynasty through a female line. On the reverse side of their seal, they engraved the double cross, which symbolized the country.[10]
Zurich armorial scroll - The Hungarian royal Árpád dynasty's striped coat of arms from around 1340
Reverse of the second double seal (1366–1382) of KingLouis I the Great (1342–1382). This was later become the predecessor to the modern coat of arms ofSlovakia.[13]
The double cross symbol found its way toWestern Europe through Hungary, becauseRené the Good, who was related to theHouse Anjou of Hungary, laid claim to four kingdoms, includingHungary. He placed the symbol on his flags before theBattle of Nancy, Lorraine in 1477. He won the battle and regained his lostDuchy of Lorraine. Thus the symbol became known in Western Europe as theCross of Lorraine.[14]
Programmes of theNational Theatre reflecting the political changes of therevolution of 1848 in their depiction of the national coat of arms. Note that in modern usage theHoly Crown of Hungary on the coat of arms is not understood as a symbol of monarchy but as a symbol of the millennial tradition of Hungarian statehood.Arms of Hungary on the 1890Austro-Hungarian florin coin; the right version adds the arms ofFiumeRoyal herald wearingtabard with the arms of Hungary in the 1899 bookHeraldischer AtlasCoat of Arms atLiberty Bridge in Budapest
The coat of arms ofStephen V (r. 1270–1272) was a red triangle curved on all sides bordered by silver and black lines. At the bottom there's a green trimount on a red field, from which a silver double-cross erects. On the lower part of it, there is a green wreath.[17]
Andrew III (r. 1290–1301) used a red triangle-shaped shield with a curved side and a silver and black frame as his coat of arms. In the middle it contained the usual double-cross in silver color, but with a green wreath around the lower part and a pointed bottom. At the top on the left side it features a silver crescent, while on the left side, a silver six-pointed star.[18]
Theseal ofWenceslaus III (r. 1301–1305) shows the simple double cross with green trimount. After the extinction of the male branch of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, the claimants to the throne from the female branch of the dynasty used the double cross to signify their claim to the Hungarian royal title.[10]
When the House of Árpád became extinct and theAngevins came into power, they wanted to emphasize their legitimacy and their matrilineal relation to the previous royal house by using the Árpáds' coat of arms, the red and white stripes.Charles I combined this coat of armsper pale with the Angevins'fleur-de-lis.
Louis I of Hungary quartered the red and white stripes of the Árpáds with the double cross on the trimount. This design was also used byJohn Zápolya, with hisfamily arms in an inescutcheon.
The two coats of arms are often shown side by side in the 15th century. Their combinationper pale, with the stripes on thedexter side and the cross with trimount on thesinister first appeared on coins during the reign ofVladislaus I (r. 1440–1444),[citation needed] and later on coins ofMatthias Corvinus (r. 1458–1490). The crown above the coat of arms also appeared during the reign of Vladislaus I. At first it was only a non-specific diadem but on the 1464 seal of Matthias Corvinus it resembled more theHoly Crown of Hungary.
The modern version of the coat of arms developed during the reign ofMatthias II in the beginning of the 17th century. Its usage became regular during the reign ofMaria Theresa.
During theHungarian Revolution of 1848, following the dethroning of the Habsburg dynasty on 14 April 1849, the Holy Crown was removed from the coat of arms. The remaining small coat of arms is usually referred to as the "Kossuth Coat of Arms" (Hungarian:Kossuth-címer) afterLajos Kossuth, Regent-President of Hungary (so unlike the name suggests, it wasnot the coat of arms of the Kossuth family). In the large coat of arms, however, alaurel wreath replaced the crown both in the central piece and above the shield, as shown on the adjacent image.
In the following centuries, the coat of arms of Hungary became more and more complex. It included the coats of arms of the territories which were part of theLands of the Crown of Saint Stephen:Croatia,Dalmatia,Slavonia,[19] andBosnia, but the so-called "small coat of arms" always remained the central piece. (The more complex ones were called "medium" and "large coat of arms".) The adjacent image shows the medium coat of arms, in official use (with some modifications) from theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 till the end ofWorld War I (1918). The outer pieces (anti-clockwise from top left) are the coats of arms ofDalmatia,Slavonia,Bosnia (added in 1915),Fiume,Transylvania, andCroatia.
When Hungary became part of theHabsburg monarchy, the coat of arms became a part of that of the Monarchy, but later it became of marginal importance and during the reign ofJoseph II – who did not even have himself crowned with the Holy Crown – it was omitted from the coins.
Used from 1915 to 1918. After the revolution was repressed, the Hungarian coat of arms was not used again until theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, when the small coat of arms with the crown once more became a part of a more complex coat of arms, similar to the medium coat of arms shown above. The Hungarian arms also became part of the combinedcoat of arms of Austria-Hungary.
After World War I, during the time of theFirst Hungarian Republic a new coat of arms was introduced. The new arms was almost the same as the "small coat of arms" only with themonarchist elements removed to make it look morerepublican.
TheHungarian Republic of Councils in 1919 totally abolished the traditional coat of arms and used the communist five-pointedred star on official documents. After the fall of the communists, the Kossuth coat of arms was used for ashort while.
After therestoration of the kingdom, the small coat of arms (with the Holy Crown and the two angels) became official until theFirst Vienna Award in 1938, when the government started to use the 1915 coat of arms officially again.
During the1956 revolution, the "Kossuth" Coat of Arms was used again. In oldnewsreels, the Kossuth badge can be seen painted onto the turrets of many revolutionary tanks fighting against the Soviet invasion in the streets ofBudapest.[citation needed] Although this revolution was crushed quickly by theSoviet Army, the new Communist government did not reinstate the 1949–1956 coat of arms, and thus this coat of arms was used for about a year.
A new coat of arms was created in late 1957, incorporating a more traditional heraldic escutcheon (bearing the Hungarian red-white-green tricolor) into the wreath-and-red-star framework of socialist heraldry. Its usage ended with the adoption of the current coat of arms in 1990.
Since 1990 the historical crowned small coat of arms has served as the official symbol ofHungary. In the first democratically electedParliament there was considerable debate about the depiction of the Holy Crown on the coat of arms. The liberal, opposition party (Alliance of Free Democrats, SZDSZ) proposed the Kossuth-style "Republican" version butthe conservative government backed the historical, crowned one.[21]
^Simon, Kézai (1282–1285) [1999].Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Latin and English). Vol. Central European Medieval Texts. Translated by Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press.ISBN963-9116-31-9.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^abEngel, Pál (2001). "Chapter 6 – The Age of the Golden Bulls – The High-Born Kindreds".The Realm of St Stephen – A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. London, New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.ISBN1-86064-061-3.
^"Hungarian Nazis (Arrow Cross Party)".Jewish Virtual Library. Archived fromthe original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved4 August 2012.on October 15th, the Nazis transferred power into the hands of the Arrowcross Party
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