Coahuilteco
Pajalate
Manuscript of the Pajalate (Coahuilteco) language
Native to	Mexico,United States
Region	Coahuila,Texas
Ethnicity	Quems,Pajalat, etc.
Extinct	18th century
Language family	Language isolate
Dialects	Pajalat
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xcw
Linguist List	xcw
Glottolog	coah1252
Coauhuilteco language
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Coahuilteco was one of the Indigenous languages that was spoken in southernTexas (United States) and northeasternCoahuila (Mexico). It is nowextinct, and is typically considered to be a language isolate,^[1][2] but has also been proposed to be part of aPakawan family.

Coahuilteco was grouped in an eponymousCoahuiltecan family byJohn Wesley Powell in 1891, later expanded by additional proposed members by e.g.Edward Sapir.Ives Goddard later treated all these connections with suspicion, leaving Coahuilteco as alanguage isolate. Manaster Ramer (1996) argues Powell's original more narrow Coahuiltecan grouping is sound, renaming it Pakawan in distinction from the later more expanded proposal.^[3] This proposal has been challenged by Campbell,^[4] who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing. It is now considered a language isolate.^[5]

Coahuilteco has both short and long vowels.^[6]

Based primarily on study of one 88-page document, Fray Bartolomé García's 1760Manual para administrar los santos sacramentos de penitencia, eucharistia, extrema-uncion, y matrimonio: dar gracias despues de comulgar, y ayudar a bien morir, Troike describes two of Coahuilteco's less common syntactic traits: subject-object concord and center-embedding relative clauses.^[7][8]

In each of these sentences, the objectDios 'God' is the same, but the subject is different, and as a result different suffixes (-n for first person,-m for second person, and-t for third person) must be present after the demonstrativetupo· (Troike 1981:663).

Troike (2015:135) notes that relative clauses in Coahuilteco can appear between the noun and its demonstrative (NP → N (Srel) Dem), leading to a center-embedding structure quite distinct from the right-branching or left-branching structures more commonly seen in the world's languages.

One example of such a center-embedded relative clause is the following:

The Coahuilteco text studied by Troike also has examples of two levels of embedding of relative clauses, as in the following example (Troike 2015:138):

• Coahuiltecan languages
• Coahuiltecan people

• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996).Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999).The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present).Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
• Troike, Rudolph. (1996). Coahuilteco (Pajalate). In I. Goddard (Ed.),Languages (pp. 644–665). Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Wiktionary has a word list atAppendix:Coahuilteco word list

• Coahuiltecan Indians
• Reassessing Cultural Extinction: Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano, Texas – Chapter 8: Linguistics

• Pakawan languages
• Extinct languages of North America
• Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
• Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
• Native American history of Texas
• Hokan languages
• Indigenous languages of Texas
• Coahuiltecan languages
• Language isolates of North America

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Language articles with Linglist code
• Language articles with unreferenced extinction date
• Articles with ambiguous glossing abbreviations