Sir Cliff Richard (bornHarry Rodger Webb; 14 October 1940) is a British singer and actor. He has total sales of over 21.5 million singles in the United Kingdom and, as of 2012, was the third-top-selling artist inUK singles chart history, behindthe Beatles andElvis Presley.[4]
Ina career spanning over 65 years,[7] Richard has amassed several gold and platinum discs and awards, including twoIvor Novello Awards and threeBrit Awards. More than 130 of his singles, albums, andEPs have reached the UK Top 20, more than any other artist.[8] Richard has had 67 UK top ten singles, the second highest total for an artist (behind Presley).[9] He holds the record, with Presley, as the only act to make the UK singles charts in all of its first six decades (1950s–2000s). He has achieved 14 UK No. 1 singles,[10] and is the only singer to have had a No. 1 single in the UK in each of five consecutive decades.[11] He also had fourUK Christmas No. 1 singles, two of which were as a solo artist; "Mistletoe and Wine" and "Saviour's Day".
By the late-1990s, Richard had sold more than 250 million records worldwide, making him one ofthe best-selling music artists of all time.[12] He has never achieved the same popularity in the United States despite eight US Top 40 singles, including the million-selling "Devil Woman" and "We Don't Talk Anymore". In Canada, he had a successful period in the early 1960s, the late 1970s and early 1980s, with some releases certified gold and platinum.[13] He has remained a popular music, film, and television personality at home in the UK as well as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Northern Europe and Asia, and retains a following in other countries. When not touring, he divides his time between Barbados and Portugal.[14] In 2019, he relocated to New York.[15]
Life and career
1940–1958: Childhood and adolescence
Cliff Richard was born Harry Rodger Webb on 14 October 1940 at King George's Hospital (nowKing George's Medical University), Victoria Street, inLucknow, which was then part ofBritish India. His parents were Rodger Oscar Webb, a manager for a catering contractor that serviced theIndian Railways, and the former Dorothy Marie Dazely. His parents also spent some years inHowrah, West Bengal. After the violence ofDirect Action Day, they decided to relocate to Britain permanently.[16] Richard is primarily of English heritage, but he had one great-grandmother who was of half Welsh and half Spanish descent, born of a Spanish great-great-grandmother named Emiline Joseph Rebeiro.[17]
The Webb family lived in a modest home in Maqbara, near the main shopping centre ofHazratganj in Lucknow.[18] Dorothy's mother served as the dormitory matron at theLa Martiniere Girls' School. Richard had three sisters, Joan, Jacqui and Donna (1942–2016).[19][20]
In 1948, followingIndian independence, the family embarked on a three-week sea voyage toTilbury,Essex, England, aboard theSS Ranchi. The Webbs moved from comparative wealth in India, where they lived in a company-supplied flat atHowrah nearCalcutta, to asemi-detached house inCarshalton, northSurrey. Harry Webb attended a local primary school, Stanley Park Juniors, in Carshalton.
In 1949, his father obtained employment in the credit control office ofThorn Electrical Industries,Enfield, and the family moved in with other relatives inWaltham Cross, Hertfordshire, where he attended Kings Road Junior Mixed Infants School, until a three-bedroom council house in nearbyCheshunt was allocated to them in 1950, at 12 Hargreaves Close.
He then attendedCheshunt Secondary Modern School from 1952 to 1957. As a member of the top stream, he stayed on beyond the minimum leaving age to takeGCE Ordinary Level examinations and gained a pass inEnglish literature. He then started work as a filing clerk for Atlas Lamps.[21] A development of retirement flats, Cliff Richard Court, has been named after him in Cheshunt.[22]
Harry Webb became interested inskiffle. When he was 16, his father bought him a guitar, and in 1957, he formed the school vocal harmony group The Quintones,[23] before singing in the Dick Teague Skiffle Group.[24]
1958–1963: Success and stardom
Richard in 1960
Harry Webb became lead singer of arock and roll group, the Drifters (distinct fromthe US group of the same name). The 1950s entrepreneur Harry Greatorex wanted the up-and-coming rock 'n' roll singer tochange his name. The nameCliff was adopted as it sounded like "cliff face", which suggested "Rock". It was "Move It" writerIan Samwell who suggested the surname "Richard" as a tribute to Webb's musical heroLittle Richard.[5]
Before their first large-scale appearance, at the Regal Ballroom inRipley, Derbyshire in 1958, they adopted the name "Cliff Richard and the Drifters". The four members were Harry Webb (by then going under the stage name "Cliff Richard"), Ian Samwell on guitar, Terry Smart on drums and Norman Mitham on guitar. None of the other three played with the later and better knownShadows, although Samwell wrote songs for Richard's later career. AgentGeorge Ganjou saw the group perform in London, and recommended them toNorrie Paramor for an audition.[25]
For Richard's debut session, Paramor provided him with "Schoolboy Crush", a song previously recorded by AmericanBobby Helms. Richard was permitted to record one of his own songs for theB-side; this was "Move It", written and composed by the Drifters' Samwell while he was on board a number 715Green Line bus on the way to Richard's house for a rehearsal. For the "Move It" session, Paramor used the session guitarist Ernie Shears on lead guitar and Frank Clark on bass.
There are various stories about why the A-side was replaced by the intended B-side. One is that Norrie Paramor's young daughter raved about the B-side; another was that influential TV producerJack Good, who used the act for his TV showOh Boy!, wanted the only song on his show to be "Move It" as opposed to "Schoolboy Crush".[26] Richard was quoted as saying:
It's wonderful to be going on TV for the first time, but I feel so nervous that I don't know what to do. I shaved my sideburns off last night... Jack Good said it would make me look more original.
Richard at a press conference in the Netherlands in 1962
In the early days, Richard was marketed as the British equivalent of Elvis. Like previous British rockers such asTommy Steele andMarty Wilde, Richard adopted Elvis-like dress and hairstyle. In performance he struck a pose of rock attitude, rarely smiling or looking at the audience or camera. His late 1958 and early 1959 follow-up singles, "High Class Baby" and "Livin' Lovin' Doll", were followed by "Mean Streak", which carried a rocker's sense of speed and passion, andLionel Bart's "Living Doll".
It was on "Living Doll" that the Drifters began to back Richard on record. It was his fifth record and became his first No. 1 single. By that time, the group's line-up had changed with the arrival ofJet Harris,Tony Meehan,Hank Marvin andBruce Welch. The group was obliged to change its name to "The Shadows" after legal complications with the American groupthe Drifters as "Living Doll" entered the American top 40, licensed byABC-Paramount. "Living Doll" was used in Richard's début filmSerious Charge, but it was arranged as a country standard, rather than a rock and roll standard.
The Shadows were not a typical backing group. They became contractually separate from Richard, and the group received no royalties for records backing Richard. In 1959, the Shadows (then still the Drifters) landed anEMI recording contract of their own, for independent recordings. That year, they released three singles, two of which featured double-sided vocals and one of which had instrumental A and B sides. They thereafter had several major hits, including five UK No. 1s. The band also continued to appear and record with Richard and wrote many of his hits. On more than one occasion, a Shadows instrumental replaced a Richard song at the top of the British charts.
Richard's fifth single "Living Doll" triggered a softer, more relaxed, sound. Subsequent hits, the No. 1s "Travellin' Light" and "I Love You" and also "A Voice in the Wilderness", lifted from his filmExpresso Bongo, and "Theme for a Dream" cemented Richard's status as a mainstream pop entertainer along with contemporaries such asAdam Faith andBilly Fury. Throughout the early 1960s, his hits were consistently in the top five.
In 1961, EMI records organised Richard's 21st birthday party at its London headquarters in Manchester Square led by his producer Norrie Paramor. Photographs of the celebrations were incorporated into Richard's next album,21 Today, in which Tony Meehan joined in despite having very recently left the Shadows to be replaced by Brian Bennett.
Typically, the Shadows closed the first half of the show with a 30-minute set of their own, then backed Richard on his show-closing 45-minute stint, as exemplified by the retrospective CD album release ofLive at the ABC Kingston 1962. Tony Meehan and Jet Harris left the group in 1961 and 1962 respectively, and later had their own chart successes forDecca. The Shadows added bass playersBrian Locking (1962–63) and thenJohn Rostill (1963–68) and took onBrian Bennett permanently on drums.
In the early years, particularly on album and EP releases, Richard also recorded ballads backed by the Norrie Paramor Orchestra with Tony Meehan (and later Brian Bennett) as a session drummer. His first such single without the Shadows was "When the Girl in Your Arms Is the Girl in Your Heart" in 1961, and he continued to release one or two per year, including covers of "It's All in the Game" in 1963 and "Constantly" in 1964, a revival of the popular Italian hit "L'edera". In 1965, sessions under the direction ofBilly Sherrill inNashville, Tennessee were particularly successful, yielding "The Minute You're Gone", which topped the UK singles chart, and "Wind Me Up (Let Me Go)", which made No. 2.
Richard, and the Shadows in particular, however, never achieved star status in the United States. In 1960 they toured the United States and were well-received, but lacklustre support and distribution from a revolving door of American record labels proved an obstacle to long-term success there, despite several chart records by Richard, including the aforementioned "It's All in the Game" on Epic, via a renewed linking of the worldwide Columbia labels after Philips ended its distribution deal with CBS. To the Shadows' chagrin, "Apache" reached No. 2 in the US through a cover version by Danish guitaristJorgen Ingmann which was almost unchanged from their worldwide hit. Richard and the band appeared onThe Ed Sullivan Show, which was crucial forthe Beatles, but these performances did not help them gain sustained success in North America.
Richard and the Shadows appeared in six feature films, including a debut in the 1959 filmSerious Charge but most notably inThe Young Ones,Summer Holiday,Wonderful Life, andFinders Keepers. These films created their own genre, known as the "Cliff Richard musical", and led to Richard's being named the No. 1 cinema box office attraction in Britain for both 1962 and 1963, even beating theJames Bond films.[29] Thetitle song ofThe Young Ones became his biggest-selling single in the United Kingdom, selling over one million copies in the UK.[30] The irreverent 1980s TVsitcomThe Young Ones took its name from Richard's 1962 film. In mid-1963, Cliff and the Shadows appeared for a season inBlackpool, where Richard had his portrait modelled by Victor Heyfron.
1964–1975: Changing circumstances
As with the other contemporary rock acts in Britain, Richard's career was affected by the advent of the Beatles and theMersey sound in 1963 and 1964. He continued to be popular and have hits in the charts throughout the 1960s, though not at the level that he had enjoyed before. Nor did doors open to him in the US market; he was not considered part of theBritish Invasion, and despite four Hot 100 hits (including the top 25 "It's All in the Game") between August 1963 and August 1964, the American public had little awareness of him.
Althoughbaptised as anAnglican, Richard did not practise the faith in his early years. In 1964, he became an activeevangelical Christian and his faith is an important aspect of his life. Standing up publicly as an evangelical affected his career in several ways. Initially, he believed that he should quit rock 'n' roll, feeling he could no longer be the rocker who had been called a "crude exhibitionist" and "too sexy for TV". Richard intended at first to "reform his ways" and become a teacher, but evangelical Christian friends advised him not to abandon his career. Soon after, Richard re-emerged, performing with Christian groups and recording some overtly Christian material. He still recorded secular songs with the Shadows but devoted a lot of his time to Christian-based work, including appearances with theBilly Graham crusades. Over time, Richard balanced his faith and work, enabling him to remain one of the most popular singers in Britain as well as one of its best-known evangelical Christians.
Richard's 1965 UK No. 12 hit "On My Word" ended a run of 23 consecutive top ten UK hits between "A Voice in the Wilderness" in 1960 to "The Minute You're Gone" in 1965, which, to date, is still a record number of consecutive top ten UK hits for a male artist.[9] Richard continued having international hits, including 1967's "The Day I Met Marie", which reached No. 10 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 5 in theAustralian charts.
Richard acted in the 1967 filmTwo a Penny, released by Billy Graham'sWorld Wide Pictures,[31] in which he played Jamie Hopkins, a young man who gets involved indrug dealing while questioning his life after his girlfriend changes her attitude. He released the live albumCliff in Japan in 1967.
In 1968, Richard sang the UK's entry in theEurovision Song Contest, "Congratulations", written and composed byBill Martin andPhil Coulter; it finished second, however, by one point to Spain's "La La La" byMassiel. According toJohn Kennedy O'Connor'sThe Eurovision Song Contest—The Official History, this was the closest result yet in the contest, and Richard locked himself in the toilet to avoid the nerves of the voting.[32] Nevertheless, "Congratulations" was a big hit throughout Europe and in Australia and another UK No. 1 in April 1968.
After the Shadows disbanded in 1968, Richard continued to record. During the 1970s, he took part in several television shows and fronted his own show,It's Cliff Richard, from 1970 to 1976. It starredOlivia Newton-John,Hank Marvin andUna Stubbs and included "A Song for Europe". He began 1970 by appearing live on theBBC's review of the sixties music scene,Pop Go The Sixties, which was broadcast across Britain and Europe on 31 December 1969. He performed "Bachelor Boy" with the Shadows and "Congratulations" solo. In 1972, he made a short BBC television comedy film calledThe Case with appearances from comedians and his first ever duets with a woman — Olivia Newton-John. He went on to release a double live album,Cliff Live in Japan 1972, which featured Newton-John.
His final film acting role was in the 1973 British filmTake Me High.
In 1973, he sang the British Eurovision entry "Power to All Our Friends", the song finished third close behind Luxembourg's "Tu te reconnaîtras" byAnne-Marie David and Spain's "Eres tú" byMocedades. This time, Richard tookValium to overcome his nerves and his manager was almost unable to wake him for the performance.[33] Richard also hosted the BBC's qualifying heat for the Eurovision Song Contest,A Song for Europe, in1970,1971, and1972 as part of his BBCTV variety series. He also presented the Eurovision Song Contest Previews for the BBC in 1971 and 1972.
In 1975, he released the single "Honky Tonk Angel", produced by Hank Marvin and John Farrar, oblivious to its connotations or hidden meanings. As soon as he was notified that a "honky-tonk angel" was southern US slang for a prostitute, the horrified Richard ordered EMI to withdraw it and refused to promote it despite having made a video for it. EMI agreed to his demand despite the fact that the single was expected to sell well. About 1,000 copies are known to exist on vinyl.
1976–1994: Renaissance
In 1976, the decision was made to repackage Richard as a rock artist. That year, Bruce Welch relaunched Cliff's career and produced the landmark albumI'm Nearly Famous, which included the successful but controversial guitar-driven track "Devil Woman", which became Richard's first true hit in the United States, and the ballad "Miss You Nights". In reviewing the new album inMelody Maker, Geoff Brown heralded it the renaissance of Richard.[34] Richard's fans were excited about this revival of a performer who had been a part of British rock from its early days. Many big names in music such asJimmy Page,Eric Clapton andElton John were seen sportingI'm Nearly Famous badges, pleased that their boyhood idol was getting back into the heavier rock in which he had begun his career.
Notwithstanding this, Richard continued to release albums withcontemporary Christian music content in parallel with his rock and pop albums, for example:Small Corners from 1978 contained the single "Yes He Lives". On 31 December 1976, he performed his latest single, "Hey, Mr. Dream Maker", on BBC1'sA Jubilee of Music, celebrating British pop music for QueenElizabeth II's impendingSilver Jubilee.
In 1979, Richard teamed up again with producerBruce Welch for the pop single "We Don't Talk Anymore", written and composed byAlan Tarney, which hit No. 1 in the UK and No. 7 in the US.Bryan Ferry added hummed backing vocals to the song. The record made Richard the first act to reach the Hot 100's top 40 in the 1980s who had also been there in each of the three previous decades. The song was quickly added onto the end of his latest albumRock 'n' Roll Juvenile, which was re-titledWe Don't Talk Anymore for its release in the United States. It was his first time at the top of the UK singles chart in over ten years, and the song would become his biggest-selling single worldwide, selling almost five million copies throughout the world.[35] Later in 1979, Richard performed withKate Bush at theLondon Symphony Orchestra's 75th anniversary celebration at theRoyal Albert Hall.[36]
With "We Don't Talk Anymore" in 1979, Richard finally began to receive some extended success in the United States to follow on from the success of "Devil Woman" in 1976. In 1980, "Carrie" broke into the US top 40, followed by "Dreamin'", which reached No. 10. His 1980 duet "Suddenly" with Olivia Newton-John, from the filmXanadu, peaked at No. 20, followed by "A Little in Love" (No. 17) and "Daddy's Home" (No. 23) in 1981. After many years of limited success in the US, three of his singles simultaneously charted on the lastHot 100 of 1980 ("A Little in Love", "Dreamin'", and "Suddenly").[37]
In the UK, meanwhile, "Carrie" reached No. 4 and "Dreamin'" peaked at No. 8. In a retrospective review of "Carrie",AllMusic journalist Dave Thompson praised "Carrie" as being "an enthrallingly atmospheric number. One of the most electrifying of all Cliff Richard's recordings."[38]
In 1980, Richard officially changed his name, bydeed poll, from Harry Rodger Webb to Cliff Richard.[39] At the same time, he received, from the Queen, the award ofOfficer of the Order of the British Empire for services to music and charity.[40]
In 1981, the single "Wired for Sound" reached No. 4 in the UK and also became Richard's biggest hit in Australia since the early 1960s. To finish the year, "Daddy's Home" reached No. 2 in the UK. On the singles chart, Richard was having his most consistent period of top twenty hits since the mid-1960s. He also was amassing a string of top ten albums, includingI'm No Hero,Wired for Sound,Now You See Me, Now You Don't, a live album he recorded with theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra titledDressed for the Occasion, andSilver, marking his 25th year in show business in 1983.
In 1986, Richard reached No. 1 by teaming up with the cast of the comedy seriesThe Young Ones to re-record "Living Doll" for the charityComic Relief. Along with the song, the recording contained comedy dialogue between Richard and the Young Ones. That same year, Richard opened in theWest End as a rock musician called upon to defend Earth in a trial set in the Andromeda Galaxy in themulti-mediaDave Clark musicalTime. Three Richard singles, "She's So Beautiful", which reached No. 17 in the UK, "It's in Every One of Us" and "Born To Rock 'n Roll", were released over 1985 and 1986 from theconcept album recorded forTime.
In August 1986, Richard was involved in a five-car crash in torrential rain on theM4 motorway in West London. Richard's car was a write-off,as another car swerved and braked hard. Richard hurt his back in the accident, but was not seriously injured. Police called for a cab from the accident scene so that he was able to perform that night in theTime musical. After the show, Richard said: "I'm lucky to be here". He said that his seatbelt had prevented him from flying through the windscreen.[41]
Richard concluded his thirtieth year in music by achieving a UK Christmas No. 1 single in 1988 with "Mistletoe and Wine", while simultaneously holding the No. 1 positions on the album and video charts with the compilationPrivate Collection, which collected his biggest hits from 1979 to 1988. "Mistletoe and Wine" was Richard's 99th UK single and spent four weeks at the top of the chart. It was the best-selling UK single of 1988, shifting 750,000 copies.[43] The album was certified quadruple platinum, becoming Richard's first to be certified multi-platinum by theBPI since it had introduced multi-platinum awards in February 1987.[44][45]
In May 1989, Richard released his 100th single, "The Best of Me", becoming the first British artist to achieve the feat.[46] The single peaked at No. 2 in the UK. It was also the lead single from the UK top ten albumStronger. Released along with the singles "I Just Don't Have the Heart" (UK No. 3), "Lean On You" (No. 17) and "Stronger Than That" (No. 14), the album become Richard's first studio album to amass four UK top twenty hits.
In 1989, Richard received theBrits Awards honour for "Outstanding Contribution".[47] In June that year, he played London'sWembley Stadium for two nights with a spectacular titled The Event in front of a combined audience of 144,000 people.[48]
On 30 June 1990, Richard performed to an estimated 120,000 people at England'sKnebworth Park as part of an all-star concert line-up that also includedPaul McCartney,Phil Collins,Elton John andTears for Fears. The concert in aid of charity was televised around the world and helped to raise $10.5 million for disabled children and young musicians.[49][50]
Later in 1990, a live album titledFrom a Distance: The Event was released. It compiled highlights of the previous year's The Event show, and provided two live tracks as singles, "Silhouettes" (UK No. 10) and "From a Distance" (No. 11). However, it was with the Christmas single "Saviour's Day" that Richard scored his 13th UK No. 1 single and his 100th top 40 hit.[51] The album itself reached No. 3 over the Christmas period and was certified double platinum by theBPI.[44]
Following the success of the recent Christmas singles, Richard released his first Christmas album,Together with Cliff Richard, in 1991, but his bid for the UK Christmas No. 1 spot again with "We Should Be Together" was unsuccessful (making No. 10). 1992 saw "I Still Believe in You" (No. 7) released as his Christmas single, while 1993 saw Richard's first new music studio album for over three years released. Simply titledThe Album, it debuted at No.1 on the UK album chart. "Peace in Our Time" (No. 8) was the second lead single, followed by "Human Work of Art" (No. 24) and "Healing Love" (No. 19) for Christmas. In 1994, the compilationThe Hit List was released; meanwhile in the background, Richard was concentrating on bringing the musicalHeathcliff to the stage.
With Richard's succession of hit songs and albums from the late 1970s into the early 1980s, followed by another strong run in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a strong fan base had been reestablished and Richard remained one of the best-known music artists in the country. Over the course of the 1980s, he recorded withOlivia Newton-John,Elton John,Stevie Wonder,Phil Everly,Janet Jackson,Sheila Walsh andVan Morrison. Meanwhile, the Shadows later re-formed (and again split). They recorded on their own, but also reunited with Richard in 1978, 1984 and 1989–90.
1995–2007: Knighthood
On 17 June 1995, Richard was appointed aKnight Bachelor (invested on 25 October 1995),[52] becoming the first rock star to be so honoured.[53] In 1996, he led the WimbledonCentre Court crowd in singing during a rain delay when asked by Wimbledon officials to entertain the crowd.[54][55] In the late 1990s, Richard and former EMI UK managing director Clive Black established the record label Blacknight. In 1998, Richard demonstrated that radio stations were refusing to play his music when he released a danceremix of his forthcoming single "Can't Keep This Feeling In" on awhite label record using the alias Blacknight. The single was featured on playlists until the artist's identity was revealed.[56][57] Richard then released the single under his own name as the lead single for his albumReal as I Wanna Be, with each reaching No. 10 in the UK on their respective charts.
In 1999, controversy again arose regarding radio stations refusing to play his releases when EMI, Richard's label since 1958, refused to release his song, "The Millennium Prayer", having judged that the song did not have commercial potential.[58] Richard took it to an independent label, Papillon, which released the charity recording (in aid of Children's Promise). The single went on to top the UK chart for three weeks, becoming his fourteenth and, as of December 2022, most recent No.1 single.[59][60]
Richard's next album, in 2001, was a covers project,Wanted, followed by another top ten album,Cliff at Christmas. The holiday album contained both new and older recordings, including the single "Santa's List", which reached No. 5 in 2003.[61][62] Richard went toNashville,Tennessee for his next album project in 2004, employing a writers' conclave to give him the pick of all new songs for the albumSomething's Goin' On. It was another top 10 album, and produced three UK top 20 singles: "Something's Goin' On", "I Cannot Give You My Love", withBarry Gibb of theBee Gees, and "What Car".
Richard performing in London during the 50th anniversary tour in 2008
On 14 June 2004, Richard joined the Shadows on-stage at theLondon Palladium. The Shadows had decided to re-form for another tour of the UK. It was not to be their last tour together, however, as they would re-form once again for a final tour five years later, in 2009.
Two's Company, an album of duets released in 2006, was another top 10 success for Richard and included newly recorded material withBrian May,Dionne Warwick,Anne Murray,Barry Gibb andDaniel O'Donnell, plus some previously recorded duets with artists such asPhil Everly, Elton John and Olivia Newton-John.Two's Company was released to coincide with the UK leg of his latest world tour, Here and Now, which included lesser known songs such as "My Kinda Life", "How Did She Get Here", "Hey Mr. Dream Maker", "For Life", "A Matter of Moments", "When The Girl in Your Arms" and the Christmas single "21st Century Christmas", which debuted at No. 2 on the UK singles chart.
Another compilation album,Love... The Album was released on 12 November 2007. LikeTwo's Company before it, this album includes both previously released material and newly recorded songs, namely "Waiting for a Girl Like You", "When You Say Nothing at All", "All Out of Love", "If You're Not the One" and "When I Need You" (the last was released as a single, reaching No. 38; the album peaked at No. 13).[63]
2008–present: 50th anniversary and Shadows reunion
L–R: Bruce Welch, Richard, Brian Bennett and Hank Marvin, 2009
In 2008, Richard's 51st year in the music business, the eight-CD box setAnd They Said It Wouldn't Last (My 50 Years in Music) was released.[64] In September, a single celebrating his 50 years in pop music, "Thank You for a Lifetime", was released. On 14 September 2008 it reached No. 3 on the UK music charts.
On 11 November 2008, Richard's official website announced that he and the Shadows would reunite to celebrate their 50th anniversary in the music business. A month later they performed at theRoyal Variety Performance. In 2009, they brought their partnership to an end with the golden anniversary concert tour of the UK.
A new album, titledReunited, by Richard and the Shadows, was released in September 2009. It was their first studio project in 40 years. The 28 tracks recorded comprise 25 re-recordings of their earlier work, with three "new" tracks, originally from that era (and earlier), the single "Singing the Blues", along withEddie Cochran's "C'mon Everybody" and theFrankie Ford hit "Sea Cruise". The album charted at No. 6 in the UK charts in its opening week and peaked at No. 4. The reunion tour continued into Europe in 2010. In June 2009, it was reported by Sound Kitchen Studios in Nashville that Richard was to return there shortly to record a new album of original recordings of jazz songs.[65] He was to record fourteen tracks in a week.
Richard performing at theState Theatre, Sydney in 2013
Richard performed "Congratulations" at the 70th birthday celebrations ofQueen Margrethe II in Denmark on 13 April 2010. On 14 October 2010, Richard celebrated his 70th birthday, and to mark the occasion, he performed a series of six concerts at the Royal Albert Hall, London. To accompany the concerts, a new album of cover versions ofswing standards,Bold as Brass, was released on 11 October. The official party celebrating Richard's 70th birthday was held on 23 October 2010, with guests including Cilla Black,Elaine Paige andDaniel O'Donnell.
After a week of promotion, Richard flew out to rehearse for the German Night of the Proms concerts in Belgium at the end of October. He made a surprise appearance at theAntwerp concert of the Night of the Proms on Thursday, 28 October 2010 and sang "We Don't Talk Anymore" to a great reaction from the surprised 20,000 fans atSportpaleis Antwerp. In all, he toured 12 German cities in November and December 2010, during the Night of the Proms concerts, as the headline act. The total of 18 concerts were attended by over 300,000 fans. Richard performed a selection of hits and tracks from theBold As Brass album. In November 2010, he achieved his third consecutive UK No. 1 music DVD in three years with the DVD release ofBold as Brass.
He was among the performers at theDiamond Jubilee concert held outsideBuckingham Palace in June 2012.[67] On 30 June 2012, Richard helped to carry the Olympic torch fromDerby toBirmingham as part of the torch relay for the2012 Summer Olympics in London. Richard said that his run with the Olympic torch would be one of his top 10 memories.[68]
Richard was involved in a campaign to extend copyright on sound recordings in the UK from 50 to 95 years, and extend the number of years on which a musician can receive royalties. The campaign was initially unsuccessful, and the UK copyright on many of Richard's early recordings expired in 2008.[69] In 2013, following another campaign, copyright on sound recordings was extended to 70 years after first publication to the public for works still in copyright at that point. This means Richard's recordings between 1958 and 1962 are out of copyright in the UK, but those from 1963 will be in copyright until 2034.[70] In November 2013, Richard released the 100th album of his career,The Fabulous Rock 'n' Roll Songbook. By that point, Richard had released 47 studio albums, 35 compilations, 11 live albums and 7 film soundtracks.[71]
Richard was scheduled to open forMorrissey at a live concert at New York's 19,000-capacityBarclays Center on 21 June 2014.[72][73] Morrissey said that he was "honoured and thrilled" to have Richard on the bill.[74] It was reported on 16 June 2014 that Morrissey had cancelled the concert after collapsing with an "acute fever". Richard announced that he would stage a free show for fans in New York on the same night the cancelled concert was due to take place.[75]
In October 2015, Richard performed on tour to mark his 75th birthday. He took to the stage across seven cities in the UK, including six nights at London's Royal Albert Hall, where he has performed on over 100 occasions during his career.[76][77] Richard's 2015 tour received a positive review fromThe Guardian's rock music critic Dave Simpson.[78]
Richard performing in 2021
In August 2018, Richard announced the release of the albumRise Up, which includes new material. The first single of the album, "Rise Up", was released in vinyl format and reached No. 1 on the UK Vinyl Singles Chart in October 2018.[79] He performed a duet with Welsh singerBonnie Tyler on "Taking Control", which appeared on her 2019 studio album,Between the Earth and the Stars. In 2020 Richard released the albumMusic... The Air That I Breathe. On 4 July 2022, Richard sang his 1963 hit "Summer Holiday" at the2022 Wimbledon Championships, as part of the Centenary Celebration.[80]
Criticism of the music industry and commercial support
Richard has openly complained about the lack of commercial support he receives from radio stations and record labels. He spoke about this onThe Alan Titchmarsh Show onITV in December 2007, pointing out that while new bands needed airplay for promotion and sales, long-established artists such as himself also relied upon airplay for the same reasons. He also noted that 1980s radio stations did play his records and that this went some way to help sales and maintain his media presence. In theBBC Radio 2 documentaryCliff – Take Another Look, he pointed out that many documentaries charting the history of British music (e.g.I'm in a Rock 'n' Roll Band!) fail to mention him (or the Shadows).[81]
In 1998,Chris Evans, the then breakfast show host onVirgin Radio, vowed he would never again play a record by Richard, stating that he was "too old".[82][83] In June 2004, British disc jockeyTony Blackburn was suspended from his radio job atClassic Gold Digital for playing records by Richard against station policy. The head of programmes, Paul Baker, sent an e-mail to Blackburn stating that Richard "doesn't match our brand values. He's not on the playlist, and you must stop playing him." On Blackburn's next morning breakfast show, he read a print-out of the e-mail live on air to the show's 400,000 listeners and went on to play two songs by Richard. Classic Gold managing director John Baish later confirmed Blackburn's suspension from the show.[84]
In 2011, digital stationAbsolute Radio '60s, dedicated to playing popular music from the 1960s, announced they would not be playing any of Richard's records because they said they did not fit "the cool sound... we're trying to create". DJPete Mitchell said: "Timeless acts of the decade that remain relevant today arethe Beatles,the Stones,the Doors andthe Who, not Sir Cliff." Richard responded to this by saying: "They're lying to themselves, and more importantly they're lying to the public."[85]
Richard has spoken of his irritation about other stars who are praised after taking drugs.[86] In 2009, Richard said he was the "most radical rock-and-roll singer Britain has ever seen" as he did not indulge in drugs or sexual promiscuity.[87] Richard said he is proud that he never adopted the hedonistic lifestyle of a typical rock star. He said: "I've never wanted to trash a hotel room."[88]
Richard has criticised the music industry for encouraging artists to court controversy. In November 2013, he said: "The music industry has changed drastically and that damages young artists. This industry can be very destructive."[89] Richard expressed concern about the sexually explicit public image of singerMiley Cyrus, following controversy surrounding a semi-naked video for her song "Wrecking Ball".[89] In the 1970s, Richard said that he was disturbed by the visual imagery and mock horror of singerAlice Cooper.[90] In 1997, Richard said of the rock bandOasis: "It's just a shame that part of what gives them their kick is their self-destructive impulse."[91]
In an article forThe Guardian in 2011, the journalistSam Leith wrote of Richard's lack of commercial support among radio stations: "His uncompromising Christianity, his clean-living ways, and his connoisseurship of the fruits of his Portuguese winery have made him an object of incomprehension, even ridicule, for the uncultured, alcopop-drinking younger generation."[92] Also writing inThe Guardian,John Robb opined that because Richard has rebelled against the drink and drugs culture of typical rock stars, this "rebelling against rebellion" has made Richard something of acountercultural icon.[93]
In December 2013, Richard said that he felt two of his singles, "Mistletoe and Wine" and "The Millennium Prayer", had created a negative reaction against him. He said: "Airplay is vital for single hits. The only way I can have a fair competition is if your records are on the radio. There is anageism in the radio industry. If you ask me to record a new song, I'm not sure it would get the support it needs."[94]
Author and rock music criticTony Parsons said: "If you don't like at least some Cliff Richard, then you don't like pop music".[95]Sting also defended Richard, stating: "Cliff Richard is in my opinion one of Britain's finest singers technically and emotionally."[96]
Personal life
Richard's father, Rodger Webb, died in 1961, aged 56, which greatly affected Richard. He later said: "My father died very young. He missed the best parts of my career. When my father was sick, we became very close."[97][self-published source] Richard's mother, Dorothy, died in October 2007, aged 87, after a decade withAlzheimer's disease. In a 2006 interview, he spoke about the difficulties he and his sisters had in dealing with their mother's condition.[98]
Richard is a lifelong bachelor.[99] In a three-page letter written in October 1961 to "his first serious girlfriend",[100] Australian dancer Delia Wicks, which was made public in April 2010 after her death from cancer, Richard wrote, "Being a pop singer I have to give up one priceless thing – the right to any lasting relationship with any special girl. I've just had to make, probably, one of the biggest decisions I'm ever going to make and I'm hoping that it won't hurt you too much."[99] The couple had been dating for 18 months. In the letter he goes on to say, "I couldn't give up my career, besides the fact that my mother and sisters, since my father's death, rely on me completely. I have showbiz in my blood now and I would be lost without it." Richard urged her to "find someone who is free to love you as you deserve to be loved" and who "is able to marry you".[100]
After Delia Wicks died in 2010, aged 71, her brother Graham Wicks said that she had been "devastated" by Richard's decision to end their relationship, describing Richard as "a very pleasant man".[99]
At the age of 22, a year after his relationship with Delia Wicks ended, Richard had a brief romance with the actressUna Stubbs.[95] Later in the 1960s, Richard considered marriage to the dancer Jackie Irving. Richard described Irving as "utterly beautiful" and says for a time they were "inseparable".[101] Irving went on to marryAdam Faith.
In his autobiography, Richard stressed that "sex is not one of the things that drives me", but he also wrote of his seduction by Carol Costa, who at the time was the estranged wife ofJet Harris.[101]
In the 1980s, Richard considered askingSue Barker,[101] a former French Open tennis champion andWimbledon semi-finalist,[102] if she would agree to marry him. In 2008, Richard said of his relationship with Barker: "I seriously contemplated asking her to marry me, but in the end I realised that I didn't love her quite enough to commit the rest of my life to her."[101]
Richard first met Barker in 1982, when she was aged 25. Their romance attracted considerable media attention after Richard flew to Denmark to watch her play in a tennis match and they were later photographed cuddling and holding hands at Wimbledon.[103][104] In an interview in February 1983, Richard spoke of the possibility of marriage with her. He said: "I'm seeing Sue, the only girl I want to see at the moment and if marriage comes on the horizon, I shall relish it."[105] In September 1983, Richard said that he had no immediate plans to marry Barker. He said: "It's not vital to get married and it's not vital to be a father. But I would like to settle down and have a family one day."[106] In July 1984, Barker said of her romance with Richard: "I love him, he's great and I'm sure we love each other."[107]
In 1986, after Richard's romance with Barker had ended and she began dating tennis playerStephen Shaw, Richard said that he was still a friend of Barker. He said: "We have a mutual respect for each other and that means a lot to me."[108]
When later asked why he has never married, Richard said: "I've had a few false alarms. I've been in love, but marriage is a big commitment and being an artist consumes a great deal of time."[109] He said that in the early 1970s he was in love with the singer and actressOlivia Newton-John. Richard said: "At the time when I and many of us were in love with Olivia she was engaged to someone else. I'm afraid I lost the chance."[109]
In 1988, Richard's nephew, Philip Harrison, spent the first four months of his life in a children's hospital suffering from serious breathing problems. Richard later helped to raise money for the hospital in east London and said that his nephew "had a terrible time but the hospital saved his life".[110][111]
Although he has never married, Richard has rarely lived alone. For many years, he shared his main home with his charity and promotion schedules manager, Bill Latham, and Latham's mother.[112][113] In 1982, Richard described them as his "second family".[114] Latham's girlfriend, Jill, also lived at the house inWeybridge, Surrey, with them for a time.[95] In 1993, Bill Latham said of Richard's bachelor status: "His freedom has meant that he has been able to do much more than if he had a family. He always goes the extra mile. If he was to have a relationship, he would give it everything. So because his commitments have been his career, his faith, and more latterly, tennis, he has given himself wholeheartedly to those three activities."[115]
Richard often declines discussion about close relationships, and when asked about suggestions that he may be homosexual has stated categorically that he is not. When the suggestions were first put to him in the late 1970s, Richard responded by saying: "It's untrue. People are very unfair with their criticism and their judgements. I've had girlfriends. But people seem to think that if a bloke doesn't sleep around he must be gay. Marriage is a very special thing to me. I'm certainly not going to do it just to make other people feel satisfied."[114] In 1986, Richard said that rumours about his being homosexual had previously been "very painful" to him.[108]
When asked in 1992 if he had ever considered the possibility that he might be gay, he responded: "No".[116] Richard said: "Even if I got married tomorrow there would be a group of people who would believe what they wanted to believe. All that counts is what your family and friends know and they all trust and respect me. What the people outside think, I have no control over."[116] Later in 1996, Richard said: "I'm aware of the rumours, but I am not gay."[86] In 1997, he said: "People who are single shouldn't have to be second-class citizens – we needn't be embarrassed or feel guilty about it, we all have a role to play."[91]
Richard said that his faith inGod was tested in 1999 after the murder of his close friend, the British television presenterJill Dando. He said: "I was really angry with God. It shook me rigid that someone as beautiful, talented and harmless could have been killed."[117] Richard said that Dando had many likeable qualities and described her as "a very genuine person". He said of Dando's murder: "It is very difficult to understand and I find it all very confusing."[118] He attended her funeral in May 1999 inWeston-super-Mare, Somerset.[119]
Richard has spoken of his friendship with John McElynn, an American former missionary whom he met in 2001 on a visit to New York City.[120] In 2008, Richard said: "John now spends most of his time looking after my properties, which means I don't have to. John and I have over time struck up a close friendship. He has also become a companion, which is great because I don't like living alone, even now."[101]
In an interview withDavid Frost in 2002, Richard said that his many good friends have prevented him from feeling lonely and he has always has someone he can talk to.[121] Richard has been a family friend of the Northern Irish broadcasterGloria Hunniford for over 50 years. When Hunniford's daughterCaron Keating was diagnosed with breast cancer and chose to keep her illness private from the public, Richard was among a small close circle of friends who knew of Keating's condition. When Keating died in April 2004, Richard attended her funeral in Kent and performed his song "Miss You Nights" in tribute to her.[122][123]
In 2006, Richard received a Portuguese order, in which he was appointedCommander of the Order of Prince Henry (ComIH),[124] in recognition of his 40 years of personal and business involvement in the country, which included investments inwinemaking and a house in theAlgarve where he has spent part of the year throughout the decades.[125] Richard finished No. 56 in the 2002100 Greatest Britons list, sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public.
In his 2008 autobiography, Richard wrote that his views on certain issues are less judgemental than when he was younger.[126] He called on theChurch of England to affirm people's commitment insame-sex marriage.[127] He wrote: "In the end, I believe, people are going to be judged for what they are. It seems to me that commitment is the issue, and if anyone comes to me and says: 'This is my partner – we are committed to each other,' then I don't care what their sexuality is. I'm not going to judge – I'll leave that to God."[101]
In 2009, the British media reported on a growing friendship between Richard andCilla Black.The Daily Telegraph said that Richard and Black looked at properties together in Miami and were regularly seen together in Barbados, where they both owned villas. Richard and Black reportedly enjoyed each other's company dining together in Marbella and watching tennis in the Royal Box at Wimbledon.[128] After Black died in August 2015, Richard described her as "incredibly gifted" and "full of heart". He said: "She was a very special person, and I have lost a very wonderful friend. I will miss her dearly."[129] Richard performed the song "Faithful One" in tribute to Black at her funeral in Liverpool.[130]
In 2010, Richard confirmed that he is no longer a resident of the United Kingdom and had been granted citizenship by Barbados. He said: "I'm officially a non-resident [of the UK], although I will always be British and proud of it."[2] He currently divides his time between living in Barbados and Portugal.[14] When asked in February 2013 if he had regrets about not starting a family, Richard said that if he had been married with children he could not have devoted so much time to his career. He said: "My three sisters have children, and it's been wonderful to watch them grow up, get married and start families of their own. I've made sure I've always played a part in their lives. So while I think I would have been a good father, I've given myself to my family and I wouldn't have it any other way. My 'freedom' allows me to continue my career. Had I been married, with children, I wouldn't be able to do what I do now."[131]
Nationwide Festival of Light
In 1971, Richard was a leading supporter of theNationwide Festival of Light, a movement formed by British Christians who were concerned about the development of thepermissive society. Richard joined public figures such asMalcolm Muggeridge,Mary Whitehouse and BishopTrevor Huddleston to demonstrate in London "for love and family life, against pornography and moral pollution". Muggeridge criticised the media as being "largely in the hands of those who for one reason or another favour the presentGadarene slide into decadence and Godlessness".[132]
One of the targets for the Festival of Light's campaign was the growth of sexually explicit films.[133] Richard was one of approximately 30,000 people who gathered at London'sTrafalgar Square for a demonstration. One focus of their protest was against the Swedish sex education filmLanguage of Love, which was showing at a nearby cinema.[134]
Since March 1966, Richard has followed the practice oftithing, giving away at least one-tenth of his income to charity.[135] Richard has stated that two biblical principles have guided him in how to use his money. He said: "Firstly, it was the love of money (not money itself) that was the root of all evil. Secondly, to be good and responsible stewards of what was entrusted to us."[136] In 1990, Richard said: "Those of us who have something to offer have to be prepared to give all the time."[110]
For over forty years, Richard has been a supporter ofTearfund, a Christian charity that aims to tackle poverty in many countries across the world. He has made overseas visits to see their work in Uganda, Bangladesh and Brazil. Richard has said: "Playing a part in relieving poverty is, as I see it, the responsibility of us all."[137]
Richard has donated to the dementia research charity,Alzheimer's Research UK. He has helped to raise funds and awareness of the disease by speaking publicly about his mother's condition.[98]
Richard has also supported numerous UK charities over many years through the Cliff Richard Charitable Trust, both through donations and by making personal visits to schools, churches, hospitals, and homes for special needs children. Richard's passion for tennis, which was encouraged by his former girlfriend, Sue Barker, also led him in 1991 to establish the Cliff Richard Tennis Foundation. The charity has encouraged thousands of primary schools in the UK to introduce the sport, with over 200,000 children taking part in the tennis sessions which tour the country. The foundation has since become part of the charitable wing of theLawn Tennis Association.[86][138][139]
Scottish independence referendum
In August 2014, Richard was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter toThe Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September'sreferendum on that issue.[140]
Property search, investigation and BBC litigation
In August 2014, Richard's apartment in Berkshire was searched after a complaint to theMetropolitan Police'sOperation Yewtree, which investigated sexual misconduct allegations in the wake of theJimmy Savile scandal.[141] Richard was not arrested, and strongly denied the allegations.[142][143] The BBC was criticised for its coverage of the search.[144] The formerDirector of Public Prosecutions,Lord Macdonald of River Glaven, QC, criticised the police force for its "completely disreputable conduct" and said its action could make the warrant unlawful.[145] Richard pulled out of a visit to theUS Open tennis championships, turned down the freedom of his adopted Portuguese home city ofAlbufeira, and cancelled a scheduled appearance atCanterbury Cathedral because he did not want the event to be "overshadowed by the false allegation".[146] He returned to the UK and was interviewed voluntarily by members ofSouth Yorkshire Police.[147] He was never arrested or criminally charged.[148]David Crompton, chief constable of South Yorkshire Police, was criticised for his interactions with the BBC, and publicly apologised to Richard.[149]
In February 2015, South Yorkshire Police announced that the inquiry into the alleged offences had increased and would be continuing. Richard released a statement maintaining that the allegations were "absurd and untrue".[150][151][152] The development came a day after an independent report had concluded that South Yorkshire Police had "interfered with the singer's privacy" by telling the BBC about the August 2014 property search. A review by former chief constable Andy Trotter said South Yorkshire Police had breached police guidance on protecting the identity of those under investigation and the handling of the search had dented the force's reputation.[153] The BBC's tip-off regarding the search reportedly came from within Operation Yewtree, although Crompton said he could not be certain that the leak originated from there.[154]
In May 2016, South Yorkshire Police sent a file of evidence to theCrown Prosecution Service.[155] The following month, the CPS announced that after reviewing "evidence relating to claims of non-recent sexual offences dating between 1958 and 1983 made by four men", there was "insufficient evidence" to charge Richard with an offence and that no further action against him would be taken.[156][157] Richard said he was "obviously thrilled that the vile accusations and the resulting investigation have finally been brought to a close". He said his naming by the media, despite not being charged, meant he had been "hung out like live bait".[157] South Yorkshire Police later "apologised wholeheartedly" to Richard after its investigation into the singer was dropped on 16 June 2016.[158] Richard commented, "My reputation will not be fully vindicated because the CPS's policy is to only say something general about there being 'insufficient' evidence. How can there be evidence for something that never took place?"[159] It was reported that during the 22-month police investigation a man was arrested over a plot to blackmail Richard. The unnamed man in his forties contacted Richard's aides and threatened to spread "false stories" unless he received a sum of money.[160]
On 21 June 2016, the BBC apologised publicly to Richard for causing distress after the controversial broadcast.[161] On 27 September 2016, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that the decision not to prosecute Richard over claims of historical sex offences had been upheld. The CPS reviewed the evidence following applications by two of his accusers and concluded that the decision not to charge Richard was correct.[162][163] In October 2016, it was reported that Richard was suing the BBC and South Yorkshire Police. Legal papers were filed at theHigh Court in London on 6 October 2016.[164] South Yorkshire Police later agreed to pay Richard £400,000 after settling a claim he brought against the force.[165]
On 12 April 2018, the case against the BBC opened in the High Court. It was reported that Richard was seeking "very substantial" damages.[166] On 13 April, Richard gave evidence for more than an hour, describing the television coverage as "shocking and upsetting".[167] His written statement was made available online by his lawyers, Simkins LLP.[168][169] On 18 July 2018, Richard won his High Court case against the BBC and was awarded £210,000 in damages.[170][171] On 15 August 2018, the BBC stated they would not appeal against the judgement. The BBC repeated an apology for the distress that Richard had been through.[172]The Guardian estimated that the BBC's costs for legal fees and damages had reached £1.9 million after losing the case.[172]
Cultural significance and impact
Cliff Richard's 1958 hit "Move It" is widely regarded as the first authenticBritish rock and roll record, and "laid the foundations" for the Beatles andMerseybeat music.[173]John Lennon reportedly said of Richard that before Cliff and the Shadows, there had been nothing worth listening to in British music.[174][175] His successful performing and recording career in the UK has extended over six decades.[176] In 2004, he was named byChannel 4 as the UK's "ultimate pop star", for having sold almost 21 million singles in the nation, which, at that point, was more than any other artist.[177][178]
1961:Record Mirror Survey: Most successful chart records 1958–1961: No. 1: Cliff Richard, "Living Doll" (Richard had three of the top five records and a further two in the Top 50)
1964:Record Mirror Poll: Best-Dressed Singer in the World
1960s
1961: Royal Variety Club: Show Business Personality
1961:Weekend Magazine: Star of Stars
1962:Motion Picture Herald Box-Office Survey of 1962: Most Popular Male Film Actor
1963:Motion Picture Herald Box-Office Survey of 1963: Most Popular Male Film Actor
1981:Daily Mirror Readers Award: Outstanding Music Personality of the Year
1989: The Lifetime Achievement Diamond Award (Antwerp)
1990s
1995:American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers: Pied Piper Award (Richard became the first British recipient of Ascap's coveted Pied Piper Award, which recognises outstanding contributions to the songwriter and music community)
^Stark, Herbert Alick. Hostages To India: OR The Life Story of the Anglo Indian Race, London: The Simon Wallenberg Press: Vol 2: Anglo Indian Heritage Books
^Richard Anthony Baker,Old Time Variety: an illustrated history, Pen & Sword, 2011,ISBN978-1-78340-066-9, p.208
^Richard himself stated that the latter theory is correct; interviewed for the first episode of theBBC Four programme,Pop Britannia, broadcast on 4 January 2008.
^Tobler, John (1992).NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 58. CN 5585.
^Daniel Ekeroth,Swedish Sensationsfilms: A Clandestine History of Sex, Thrillers, and Kicker Cinema, (Bazillion Points, 2011), p. 126,ISBN978-0-9796163-6-5.
Turner, Steve (3 August 2009).Cliff Richard: The Bachelor Boy. London: Carlton Books Ltd.ISBN978-1-84442-037-7.
Read, Mike (8 September 1983).The Story of the Shadows. London: Elm Tree books.ISBN978-0-241-10861-1.
Frame, Pete (1 December 1993).The Complete Rock Family Rock Trees. London: Omnibus.ISBN978-0-7119-6879-0.
Roberts, David (17 June 2006).Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited.ISBN978-1-904994-10-7.
Warwick, Neil; Kutner, Jon; Brown, Tony (10 April 2004).The Complete Book of the British Charts (3rd ed.). London: Music Sales Ltd.ISBN978-1-84449-058-5.
Nicolson, Dave (30 April 2011).Jet Harris: In Spite of Everything.York, UK: Music Mentor Books.ISBN978-0-9562679-0-0.
External links
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