| Cleveland Clinic | |||||||||||
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.png) Cleveland Clinic (Miller Family Pavilion) | |||||||||||
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| Geography | |||||||||||
| Location | 9500Euclid Avenue,Cleveland, Ohio, United States | ||||||||||
| Coordinates | 41°30′09″N81°37′16″W / 41.502595°N 81.621066°W /41.502595; -81.621066 | ||||||||||
| Organization | |||||||||||
| Care system | Private | ||||||||||
| Funding | Non-profit hospital | ||||||||||
| Type | Teaching | ||||||||||
| Affiliated university | |||||||||||
| Services | |||||||||||
| Emergency department | Level II trauma center | ||||||||||
| Beds | 1,300 (Main Campus) Total beds in Cleveland Clinic Foundation: 6,690 | ||||||||||
| Helipads | |||||||||||
| Helipad | FAALID:6OI8[1] | ||||||||||
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| History | |||||||||||
| Opened | 28 February 1921; 104 years ago (1921-02-28) | ||||||||||
| Links | |||||||||||
| Website | clevelandclinic | ||||||||||
| Lists | Hospitals in Ohio | ||||||||||
Cleveland Clinic is an Americannonprofitacademicmedical center based inCleveland, Ohio.[2] Owned and operated by the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, an Ohiononprofit corporation, Cleveland Clinic was founded in 1921 by a group of faculty and alumni from theCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Cleveland Clinic is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States. For the past twenty years in the fields of cardiology, heart, and vascular surgery, Cleveland Clinic has been ranked and regarded as the best and highest-performing hospital in the world.[3][4] In 2018–2019, theU.S. News & World Report ranked Cleveland Clinic as the number 2 hospital in the Best Hospitals Honor Roll, as it was nationally ranked in 14 adult and 10 pediatric specialties.[5]
The Clinic runs a 170-acre (69-hectare) main campus in Cleveland, as well as 15 affiliated hospitals, 20 family health centers inNortheast Ohio,[6][7] 5 affiliated hospitals inFlorida, and cancer center inNevada.[8] International operations include theCleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi hospital in the United Arab Emirates and Cleveland Clinic Canada, which has two executive health and sports medicine clinics inToronto.[8] Another hospital campus in the United Kingdom, Cleveland Clinic London, opened to outpatients in 2021 and fully opened in 2022.[9][10] Cleveland Clinic conducts its pediatric operations through theCleveland Clinic Children's Hospital. Tomislav Mihaljevic is the president and CEO.[11]
Cleveland Clinic's operatingrevenue in 2024 was $15.94 billion and itsoperating income $276 million.[12] That year it recorded 15.96 million patient visits, 332,991 admissions, and 82,608 employees. It is affiliated withCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine, with which it started a physician-investigator medical training program: theCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine.[13] Cleveland Clinic is also the teaching hospital forOhio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine andKent State University College of Podiatric Medicine. In addition, Cleveland Clinic has 1,974 residents and fellows in 104 training programs approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).[14] The Cleveland Clinic publishes the peer-reviewed journalCleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.[15]
The organization grew out of the surgical practice of Frank J. Weed (died 1891) at 16 Church Street on the near-west side of Cleveland.[16][17] The practice was purchased by his two assistants, Frank E. Bunts andGeorge Washington Crile.[18][19] In 1892 they were joined by Crile's cousin, William E. Lower,[20] and in 1897 the practice moved to the Osborn Building on Prospect Avenue, downtown Cleveland.[16][21]
A four-story outpatient building was constructed, and Cleveland Clinic was dedicated at a private ceremony on February 26, 1921.[22][23] It opened its doors two days later to the public and registered 42 patients.[24] By April 1921, it had 60 employees, including 14 physicians and four nurses.[25] In 1922 the founders purchased four private homes nearby for hospitalization, radiation treatment, and administration.[25] A fifth house was acquired as a residence for patients with diabetes receiving insulin treatments.[25][26] To meet rising patient volume, a 184-bed hospital was built in 1924, located at East 90th Street and Carnegie Avenue.[27] A power plant, laundry, and ice plant were also built.[25][28] A research laboratory was constructed in 1928.[25][29]
On May 15, 1929,nitrocellulose x-ray films stored in the basement of the outpatient building ignited.[30][31][32] An explosion sent a cloud of toxic oxides of nitrogen and carbon though the building. One hundred and twenty-three people, including John Phillips, one of the founders, lost their lives.[33][34] A dozen investigating agencies were not able to determine what had caused the fire. Cleveland Clinic's own inquiry narrowed the possible causes down to spontaneous combustion caused by heat; a discarded cigarette or match; and contact with an extension cord light hung over a stack of films.[31]
PhilanthropistSamuel Mather formed a committee of 36 community leaders to help Cleveland Clinic reestablish itself in temporary quarters across the street.[31][35][36] Patient care services resumed five days later.[35] The 1921 building was completely renovated, and a new three-story clinic building, with a new main entrance, was added in 1931.[31] All debts were repaid by 1941.[37]
Cleveland Clinic built new operating rooms in the early 1970s to accommodate the growth of cardiac surgery.[28] The Martha Holden Jennings Education Building opened in 1964, with an auditorium named for Dr. Bunts. A new hospital building (currently home to Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital) opened in 1966, and a research building opened in 1974 (demolished in 2007).[28] A pathology and laboratory medicine building was constructed on Carnegie Avenue in 1980.[38]
William S. Kiser, chairman of the board 1977–1989,[39] led the development of a strategic plan to accommodate growing patient volumes in the late 1970s. This resulted in a group of buildings known as the Century Project. Completed in 1985, the Century Project includes a 14-story outpatient building (now known as the Crile Building) designed by architectCesar Pelli.[40]
In September 2014, the Cleveland Clinic opened the center forFunctional Medicine, directed byMark Hyman.[41] Otheralternative medicine offerings at the Cleveland Clinic, such asreiki and hypnotherapy, came under controversy in 2017 after a then-Cleveland Clinic physician published an anti-vaccine article. then-CEO Toby Cosgrove stated that this was in response to patients who "want more than conventional medicine can offer." Nonetheless, shortly afterward, the hospital stopped selling some homeopathic products and discontinued online sales of wellness products.[42][43]
The Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute (LRI) conductsbiomedical research in a 480,000-square-foot building that opened in 1999,[44] following a $16 million donation fromAl andNorma Lerner in 1997, the largest single charitable donation made to the Cleveland Clinic up until that point.[45] LRI hosts graduate student research through joint PhD programs in conjunction with nearby universities, includingCase Western Reserve University,Cleveland State University (including an NIH-funded PhD program for minority and underrepresented students inscience, technology, engineering, and mathematics),Kent State University and theUniversity of Akron.[46][47]
In 2002, the Lerners eclipsed their previous gift and made a $100 million donation to establish theCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) withinCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine, opening in 2004.[48] Physician researcherEric Topol played an important role in securing the donation from the Lerner family.[49] Topol served as Provost and Chief Academic Officer at CCLCM until 2006, when his position was eliminated amid controversy regarding hiscriticism of Vioxx and disagreements with other Cleveland Clinic leaders, including then-CEOToby Cosgrove.[50] CCLCM is a five-year medical school program affiliated with theCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine with 32 students per class, each receiving a scholarship for full tuition and fees.[51][52] While traditional MD-granting medical schools in the U.S. are four-year programs, the extra year in the program is dedicated to a year of research.[27] The curriculum is notable for its lack of class rank, pre-clinical or clinical grading, or end-of-course examinations.[53]
In 2019, Cleveland Clinic and Case Western opened the Samson PavilionHealth Education Campus on the campus of the Cleveland Clinic, a $515 million building project, amid a multi-million dollar joint fundraising campaign between CWRU and the Cleveland Clinic.[54] The campus houses studentsCase Western Reserve School of Medicine (CCLCM and traditional MD programs),Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing andCase School of Dental Medicine, all of which—with the exception of CCLCM—had previously held classes on the campus of CWRU andUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.[55] The move, announced in 2013, was a major contributing factor for University Hospitals to shift its name from University Hospitals Case Medical Center to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in 2016, as well as renegotiate its affiliation agreement with CWRU that same year.[56]
Cleveland Clinic publishes the peer-reviewedCleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine monthly, focusing oninternal medicine,endocrinology, anddiabetes.[57]
Cleveland Clinic is consistently regarded as one of the top hospital systems in the United States and in the world, and it is well regarded particularly in technological management systems.[58]
In 2020–2021, Cleveland Clinic was ranked as the #2 overall hospital in the United States by theU.S. News & World Report, behind theMayo Clinic inRochester, Minnesota.[3] A total of 4,656 hospitals were considered in 12 main data-driven medical and surgical specialty areas and four additional specialty areas, collating data on patient safety, performance measures, and complication rates.[59] Cleveland Clinic was found to be nationally ranked in 14 adult specialties and 10 children's specialties and was recognized as the #1 hospital inOhio and in theCleveland Metropolitan Area. It also achieved the highest rating possible in 9 specified procedures or conditions:abdominal aortic aneurysm repair,aortic valve surgery,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,colon cancer surgery,heart bypass surgery,heart failure,hip replacement,knee replacement, andlung cancer surgery.[60] In addition, for the 14th year in a row, Cleveland Clinic was ranked as the #1 hospital in the United States forcardiology andheart surgery as a specialty. Similarly, in 2021,Newsweek named Cleveland Clinic the number 2 hospital in the world, behind Mayo Clinic.[61]
In 2021,Gartner ranked Cleveland Clinic as the #1 healthcaresupply chain.[62]
In 2022, theAmerican Hospital Association (AHA) partnered with theSociety for Healthcare Strategy and Market Development to engage the branding agency, Monigle, to conduct consumer research with 28,000 Americans to rank hospital brands "… on their performance in delivering a humanized experience". The Cleveland Clinic was ranked first, followed by two other Ohio systems. Other systems, includingJohns Hopkins ranked 6th;Mass General, 11th; and theMayo Clinic ranked 15th.[63]
In aKaiser Family Foundation review ofCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data forhospital acquired conditions in 2014, Cleveland Clinic received an 8.7 score (1–10 possible, with 10 being the worst), in the bottom 7% of hospitals.[64]
Between 2010 and 2013, CMS undertook an extensive series of investigations into the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, with at least a dozen inspections and follow-up visits triggered by patient complaints.[65][66] An analysis of Medicare inspection data between 2011 and 2014 found that the Cleveland Clinic Foundation was one of at least 230 instances in which validated serious incidents—dubbed "immediate jeopardy" complaints—led CMS to threaten loss of ability to serve Medicare patients unless the problems were fixed immediately. Due to numerous serious ongoing safety violations, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation was on payment termination track for 19 months, placing at stake $1B in annual Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement.[65] The citations were reported and analyzed in detail byModern Healthcare, which posted some of the safety documents.[65][66]
In its 2020 Overall Hospital Quality Star Ratings, CMS gave a five-star rating to the Cleveland Clinic, as well as several community hospitals in the Cleveland Clinic system, including Fairview Hospital,Hillcrest Hospital, and Lutheran Hospital.[67] In these ratings, Cleveland Clinic Martin North Hospital received a one-star rating.[68]
During the early phase of theCOVID-19 pandemic, administration at the Cleveland Clinic initially instructed employees that they were not allowed to wear face masks outside of patient care areas.[69] The Cleveland Clinic stated they made this decision as they felt the current body of evidence at the time did not support their use.[69] Other hospitals however require such masks.[69] Later, with growing evidence of mask efficacy, this policy were revised and all staff members were required to wear cloth or protective masks.[70] Masks were obtained from a variety of sources, includingAmish and sports apparel manufacturers, among other suppliers.[71][72]
In 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the Cleveland Clinic permitted its staff to be unvaccinated against COVID.[73]
Cleveland Clinic operates 19[6][7] family health and ambulatory surgery centers in surrounding communities, a 1,000 bed multispecialty hospital and family health center inWeston, Florida, and two Cleveland Clinic Canada locations inToronto, Canada.[74] The system operates 11 affiliated hospitals in northeast Ohio, numbering 2,588 total beds.[75] Additionally Cleveland Clinic operates five affiliated hospitals in Florida with 289 total beds, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi with 564 total beds, and London, United Kingdom with 185 total beds; for a grand total of 6,026 beds.[76][10]
Cleveland Clinic's main campus consists of 60 buildings on 170 acres (69 ha) nearUniversity Circle, inFairfax, Cleveland.[77]
In 1996, the Cleveland Clinic took over Fairview Health System centered on Fairview Hospital and serving theWest Side of Cleveland and the western suburbs.[78] In the same year, the Cleveland Clinic also took over the four-hospital Meridia Health System, absorbing Euclid Hospital inEuclid,Hillcrest Hospital inMayfield Heights, Huron Hospital inEast Cleveland, and South Pointe Hospital inWarrensville Heights.[78] In October 2010, the Cleveland Clinic announced plans to close the Level II Trauma Center at Huron Hospital, prompting a joint lawsuit from the cities of Cleveland and East Cleveland, which was later dropped after the Clinic delayed closure plans.[79] In 2011, amid criticism from residents and leaders in East Cleveland, the Clinic closed Huron Hospital,[79] replacing it with a community health center and leaving the east side of Cleveland without a trauma center until University Hospitals opened a Level I trauma center in 2015.[80] In May 2017 Cleveland Clinic reached an agreement to acquire the 150-bed Union Hospital inDover, Ohio.[81] In February 2021, Mercy Medical Center inCanton, Ohio became a full member of the Cleveland Clinic health system, while retaining its Catholic affiliation through sponsorship with theSisters of Charity of St. Augustine.[82]
Cleveland Clinic Akron General, formerly known as Akron General Medical Center, and commonly known as Akron Gen, is a nationally ranked, 511-bed non-profit,teaching hospital located inAkron, Ohio.[83] In August 2015, the Akron General Health System joined the Cleveland Clinic Health System. Akron General includes Akron General Hospital, Visiting Nurse Service and Affiliates, Hospice of VNS, Akron General Lodi Hospital, the Edwin Shaw Rehabilitation Institute, and three health and wellness centers.[84] As the hospital is a teaching hospital, it is affiliated with theNortheast Ohio Medical University and the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine.[85] Cleveland Clinic Akron General's Paramedic Education Program was initiated in 1976 as a commitment to the community in providing pre-hospital care to citizen within Summit County and adjoining areas.[86] The hospital is also anAmerican College of Surgeons verifiedLevel 1 Trauma Center, the one of three in the region and one of 11 in Ohio, the other two inCleveland.[87] Additionally, the hospital has arooftop helipad to handle the emergent transport of critical patients to and from the hospital.[88]
Cleveland Clinic Children's (CCC) is a pediatric acute carechildren'steaching hospital located inCleveland,Ohio on the main campus of Cleveland Clinic. The hospital has 389 pediatric beds[89] and is affiliated withCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine,[13]Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine andKent State University College of Podiatric Medicine. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Cleveland and the wider northern Ohio region.[90][91] Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital is a few blocks away from the Ronald McDonald House of Cleveland.[92]
Former Ohio hospitals
Former Florida hospitals
In May 2010, Cleveland Clinic'sLou Ruvo Center for Brain Health opened in a unique structure designed by architectFrank Gehry in Las Vegas, Nevada.[94] In 2018, the Indian River Medical Center inVero Beach, Florida, and Martin Health, consisting of a hospital inPort St. Lucie and two hospitals inStuart, Florida, joined the Cleveland Clinic system.[95]
In 2006, the Cleveland Clinic opened Cleveland Clinic Canada, a 26,000-square-foot outpatient clinic in downtownToronto, offering bothOntario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) and non-OHIP services.[96] In 2017, Cleveland Clinic Canada acquired the Sports Medicine Specialists located in midtown Toronto.
An overseas location,Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, opened in 2015.[97]
The organization began work renovating an historic building at 33Grosvenor Place in centralLondon, England, in 2018. Demolition of the interior of the six-story, 198,000-square-foot building allowed for the conversion to a hospital,[98][10] withCleveland Clinic London opening in March 2022.[99]
In 2011 Cleveland Clinic was second on theBecker's Hospital Review list of top-grossing hospitals in the United States, with total patient revenue of $9.14 billion.[100] The hospital posted $243 million operating income on $8 billion revenue in 2016. Operating income fell about 50% from 2015, which it said was due to shrinking reimbursements and risingdrug costs.[101][102] In 2017 its operating income was $330M on $8.4B in revenue.[103]
In 2015, the Clinic's endowment stood at more than $12 billion.[104] During the coronavirus pandemic, the Cleveland Clinic received a $199 million grant from theUnited States Department of Health and Human Services under theCARES Act, funding that was intended to prevent health care providers from going under. In 2019, the Cleveland Clinic reported having $7 billion in cash reserves, with investment profits of $1.2 billion.[105]
In addition, Cleveland Clinic plays a significant role in theregional economy of Cleveland and thestatewide economy. As of 2019, it is Ohio's largest employer, and generates $17.8 billion for the state.[106][107]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)At Cleveland Clinic, for example, the following protocols are in place: ... Caregivers wear masks. All patients and visitors are also given cloth masks to wear to help prevent spread of the virus from anyone who has symptoms as well as those who might be infected but don't have symptoms. In the emergency department, workers wear protective masks and goggles.
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