Clergy reserves were tracts of land inUpper Canada andLower Canada reserved for the support of "Protestantclergy" by theConstitutional Act 1791.[1] One-seventh of all surveyed Crown lands were set aside,[2] totaling 2,395,687 acres (9,695 km2) and 934,052 acres (3,780 km2) respectively for each province,[2] and provision was made to dedicate some of those reserved lands asglebe land in support of anyparsonage orrectory that may be established by theChurch of England.[3] The provincial legislatures could vary or repeal these provisions, butroyal assent could not be given before such passed bills having been laid before both houses of theBritish Parliament for at least thirty days.[4]
The first lieutenant governor ofUpper Canada,John Graves Simcoe, interpreted "Protestant clergy" to mean the clergy ofChurch of England only.[5] However, in 1823 theLaw Officers of the Crown held that theChurch of Scotland was also entitled to a share of the revenues under the 1791 Act.[6] AlthoughLt-Governor Maitland attempted to suppress the publication of that decision, the Legislature passed resolutions the following year that recognized that church's status.[7]
Complications in establishing leasing procedures prevented the reserve lands from being leased before 1803.[8] Until 1819, the reserve lands were managed by the Province, and in most years they earned revenues that were barely sufficient to cover their expenses.[9] After the Rev.John Strachan was appointed to theExecutive Council of Upper Canada in 1815, he began to push for the Church of England's autonomous control of the clergy reserves on the model of the Clergy Corporation of Lower Canada, created in 1817. TheClergy Corporation, of which Strachan became the chairman,[10] was subsequently incorporated in 1819 to manage the clergy reserves.
The 1819 charter (drafted by Strachan's former student, Attorney GeneralJohn Beverly Robinson)[11] provided for theBishop of Quebec to become the perpetual Principal and Director (as he was for the Lower Canada body), who, with twelve other directors, constituted the Board. The Bishop's Official (named by the Bishop) and the rectors of Niagara and York could each serve as acting chairman.
Other perpetual directors were:[12]
Any two directors, together with the Principal or an acting chairman, constituted a quorum,[12] but, because of the poor network of roads, most clergy members were generally unable to attend Corporation meetings.[13] This effectively meant that Strachan (as rector of York), together with the Inspector General and Surveyor General, controlled the Board.[14] These three members were part of theFamily Compact, of which Strachan was the leader.[15]
The reserves were allotted inlots of 200 acres (81 ha), generally intermixed with other lots sold to individuals within each surveyedtownship.[2] Except in theTalbot Settlement (where they were located off the main roads), they were generally arranged in acheckerboard pattern within each township,[16] and were a serious obstacle to economic development as they were effectivelywasteland,[17] either being abandoned by lessees after the timber had been fully harvested,[8] or unattractive because of the availability of cheap freehold land.[8] This was recognized by the Legislative Assembly in 1817 when it passed resolutions that condemned the lands as "insurmountable obstacles" and called on the Parliament in Westminster to authorize their sale.[18]
Until 1827, no reserve lands were sold.[19] They were leased for terms of twenty-one years, with rents on asliding scale:[19]
| Period | Granted before April 1811 | Granted from April 1811 | Area covered |
|---|---|---|---|
| First 7 years | 10s. | £1 15s. | per lot of 200 acres (81 ha) or less |
| Next 7 years | 20s. | £3 10s. | |
| Last 7 years | £1 10s. | £5 5s. |
Even with higher rates being charged from 1819, total annual revenues were still only £1200 in 1824, and only one-third could be collected without pursuing legal action.[19]
In 1826, theCanada Company was formed to sell off the remaining crown and clergy reserves in the province.[20] However, because of opposition from Strachan,[21] the company received 1,100,000 acres (4,452 km2) in theHuron Tract, in substitution for the originally contemplated 829,430 acres (3,357 km2) of clergy reserve lands.[22] As the provincial policy of freeland grants had come to an end, Strachan lobbied for and secured an Act from the British Parliament granting authority to sell up to one-fourth of all reserve lands, up to 100,000 acres (405 km2) each year,[23] from which there would be income sufficient to support 200–300 Anglican clergymen.[21]
In 1836, beforeSir John Colborne was succeeded bySir Francis Bond Head as lieutenant-governor, he created 57 rectories for the Church of England, with glebe land totalling 21,057 acres (85 km2).[24] This action created significant political dissent,[25] and was subsequently declared illegal in 1837,[26] but was later held in 1856 to have been lawful.[27][28] In the interim, it became one of the issues in theUpper Canada Rebellion of 1837 (and subsequently identified as such inthe 1838 report written byLord Durham),[17] whereWilliam Lyon Mackenzie exclaimed to the crowd outsideMontgomery's Tavern:
Stick true to the cause of Liberty, and you shall, every man of you, have three hundred Acres of Land and a piece out of the Clergy Reserves![29]
TheParliament of Upper Canada passed a bill to sell the reserves in 1840,[30] but the Governor General reserved the bill for consideration by the British government, whichdisallowed the bill.[31] The British then enacted theClergy Reserves in Canada Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 78) later in that year.[32] Although considered to be more favourable to the Church of England,[33] the Act as passed provided that only one-half of future sales would be dedicated on a 2:1 basis to the Churches of England and Scotland, with the remaining half being distributed to all other churches according to their respective strengths.[34] The administration of the reserve lands was transferred to theCrown Lands Department, where it was handled in a more professional manner.[34]
Unlike the distribution of lots that was pursued by Simcoe in Upper Canada,Alured Clarke,lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, instituted a policy of setting aside large blocks of land apart from either current or contiguous settlement.[35]
The Clergy Corporation in Lower Canada, more formally known as the "Corporation for Superintending, Managing and Conducting the Clergy Reserves within the Province of Lower-Canada", was constituted with theBishop of Quebec (initially the Right Rev.Jacob Mountain) as perpetual Principal and Director, and with rectors of four parishes within the diocese constituted as perpetual directors.[36] In 1828, a British parliamentary committee reported that leases were being granted on certain terms:
| Period | Rent in specie | Rent in kind, in the alternative |
|---|---|---|
| First 7 years | 25s. | 8 bushels of wheat |
| Next 7 years | £2 10s. | 16 bushels |
| Last 7 years | £3 15s. | 24 bushels |
The reserve lands generated little income in Lower Canada, with the average annual profit from such activity amounting to only £3 between 1791 and 1837.[37]
Pressure arose to reform the entire structure of the reserves, but the government ofRobert Baldwin andLouis-Hippolyte Lafontaine chose not to proceed on such a course, because of the resistance of the established churches and the roadblocks presented by the 1791 Act.[38] However, such caution eventually came to be seen as inflexibility, which would be overcome by the rise of theGrit movement in 1850.[38]
Even as late as 1853, Strachan was still campaigning to ensure the Church of England's dominance in the matter. As he stated in a letter toLord Newcastle:
Can religious liberty be preserved in no other way than by putting all religions on a level, as equally entitled for support from public encouragement and protection? Are the Koran, the Vedas, the book of the Mormons, and the Holy Bible, to be held equally sacred? And are the public authorities, the organs by which the nation acts, to take any of these indifferently as the rule to direct them in their public proceedings? And in a nation of Protestants, who have high and peculiar interests to preserve and transmit to posterity, are all places of power and trust, and even the Throne itself, to be open equally to the Atheist, the Infidel, the Pagan, the Mussulman, the Romanist, the Mormon and the Protestant? Is the kingdom of Satan, in whatever shape it may appear, to enjoy the same public favor as the Kingdom of God? Is a Christian Church, a Pagan temple, and a mosque, to be equally held in honor? In one word, is "the freedom of the City to be bestowed on all the gods of mankind?"[39]
Following the victory ofAugustin-Norbert Morin andAllan MacNab in the1854 general election, in conjunction with the abolition ofseigneurial tenure inLower Canada,[40] the lands were finally removed from church control and secularized under an Act of theParliament of the Province of Canada,[41][42] under which:[41]
Reform of the clergy reserves was a major issue in Canadian politics from its creation until its abolition. The controversy stemmed from the fact that many supporters of the religious endowment were part of the Tory ruling class. EvenRobert Baldwin, who was the leader of the struggle forResponsible Government did not advocate for complete abolition and chose to resign his seat rather than tackle the question.
In 1867, the Municipalities Funds for Upper and Lower Canada were declared to be part of the joint property of the new provinces of Ontario and Quebec,[45] subject to division and adjustment at a later date by arbitrators appointed under s. 142 of theBritish North America Act, 1867. The funds were awarded to each province respectively in September 1870,[46] and the award itself was held to be valid by theJudicial Committee of the Privy Council in March 1878.[47] In Ontario, the Fund continued to be accounted for separately until the passage of an Act in 1908, where all special funds were declared to form part of the province's Consolidated Revenue Fund.[48]
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