| Cleopatra I Syra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Depiction based on arelief of Cleopatra I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign |
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| Consort | Ptolemy V of Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | Ptolemy VI of Egypt Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra II of Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Antiochus III the Great | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Laodice III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | c. 204 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 176 BC[2] or 178/177 BC[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Seleucid/Ptolemaic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cleopatra Thea Epiphanes Syra (Greek:Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα; c. 204 – 176 BC), well known asCleopatra I orCleopatra Syra, was a princess of theSeleucid Empire, Queen ofPtolemaic Egypt by marriage toPtolemy V of Egypt from 193 BC, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son,Ptolemy VI, from her husband's death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC. She is sometimes viewed as co-ruler to her husband and son, however evidence is conflicting.[a]
Cleopatra I was the daughter ofAntiochus III the Great, King of theSeleucid Empire, and QueenLaodice III.
In 197 BC,Antiochus III had captured a number of cities inAsia Minor previously under the control of thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. The Romans supported the Egyptian interests, when they negotiated with theSeleucid king in Lysimachia in 196 BC. In response, Antiochus III indicated his willingness to make peace withPtolemy V and to have his daughter Cleopatra I marry Ptolemy V. They were betrothed in 195 BC and their marriage took place in 193 BC inRaphia.[6] At that time Ptolemy V was about 16 years and Cleopatra I about 10 years old. Later on, Egypt'sPtolemaic kings were to argue that Cleopatra I had receivedCoele-Syria as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt. It is not clear if this was the case. However, in practice, Coele-Syria remained a Seleucid possession after theBattle of Panium in 198 BC.[7]
InAlexandria, Cleopatra I was referred to asthe Syrian.[8] As part of the Ptolemaic cult she was honoured with her husband asTheoi Epiphaneis. In line with ancient Egyptian tradition ofsibling marriage, she was also named sister (Ancient Greek:ἀδελφή,adelphḗ) of Ptolemy V. A synod of priests held atMemphis in 185 BC granted Cleopatra all the honours that had been given to Ptolemy V in 196 BC (inscribed on the bilingualGreek-EgyptianRosetta Stone).
Cleopatra also held title of vizier as one of only two known Ptolemaic queens to did so (the first one beingBerenice II of Egypt).[4]
Ptolemy V died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30. Cleopatra I's son,Ptolemy VI, who was only six years old, was immediately crowned king, with Cleopatra as his regent.[a] She was the first Ptolemaic queen to rule without her husband. In documents from this period, Cleopatra is namedThea Epiphanes and her name appears before Ptolemy.Coins were minted under the joint authority of her and her son.[9]
Just before his death, Ptolemy V had been planning a new war against the Seleucid kingdom, but Cleopatra immediately ended the war preparations and pursued a peaceful policy, because of her own Seleucid roots and because a war would have threatened her hold on power.[10][11] Cleopatra probably died in late 178 or early 177 BC, though some scholars place her death in late 176 BC.[12]
On her deathbed, Cleopatra appointed Eulaeus and Lenaeus, two of her close associates as regents. Eulaeus, a eunuch, had been the Ptolemy's tutor. Lenaeus was a Syrian slave who had probably come to Egypt as part of Cleopatra's retinue when she got married.[13] The pair were unable or unwilling to prevent the deterioration of relations with the Seleucid kingdom which culminated in the disastrousSixth Syrian War.
Cleopatra and Ptolemy V had three children:[14][12]
| Name | Image | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ptolemy VI Philometor |  | May/June 186 BC | 145 BC | Succeeded as King under the regency of his mother in 180 BC, co-regent and spouse of Cleopatra II from 170 to 164 BC and again 163-145 BC. |
| Cleopatra II |  | 186-184 BC | 6 April 115 BC | Co-regent and wife of Ptolemy VI from 170 to 145 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII from 145 to 132 BC, claimed sole rule 132-127 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII again from 124 to 115 BC, co-regent withCleopatra III andPtolemy IX from 116 to 115 BC. |
| Ptolemy VIII |  | c. 184 BC | 26 June 116 BC | Co-regent with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC, expelled Ptolemy VI in 164, expelled in turn 163 BC, King of Cyrenaica from 163 to 145 BC, co-regent with Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III from 145 to 132 BC and again from 124 to 116 BC. |
Cleopatra I Syra Born: 204 BC Died: 176 BC | ||
| Preceded by | Queen consort of Egypt 193-180 BC | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Ptolemy V (as King) | Regent of Egypt 180 BC–176 BC | Succeeded by Eulaeus and Lenaeus |
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