Clay County, Tennessee | |
|---|---|
 Clay County Courthouse in Celina | |
 Location within the U.S. state ofTennessee | |
| Coordinates:36°33′N85°32′W / 36.55°N 85.54°W /36.55; -85.54 | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Tennessee |
| Founded | 1870 |
| Named after | Henry Clay[1] |
| Seat | Celina |
| Largest city | Celina |
| Area | |
• Total | 259 sq mi (670 km2) |
| • Land | 237 sq mi (610 km2) |
| • Water | 23 sq mi (60 km2) 8.8% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 7,581 |
| • Density | 33/sq mi (13/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Congressional district | 6th |
| Website | dalehollowlake |
Clay County is acounty in theU.S. state ofTennessee. As of the2020 United States census, the population was 7,581.[2] Itscounty seat and only incorporated city isCelina.[3] Clay County is named in honor of American statesmanHenry Clay,[4] member of theUnited States Senate fromKentucky andUnited States Secretary of State in the 19th century.
Clay County was formed in 1870 by combining pieces from surroundingJackson andOverton counties.[5] Secretary of StateCordell Hull's first law office (now a museum) was located in Clay County.
Clay County's early inhabitants farmed and worked the Cumberland River, which was the major method of transportation in the Cumberland area. There were many docks and ferry crossings throughout Clay County to transport local crops and livestock to major markets. The timber industry was a major employer throughout the 1800s and 1900s and provides many jobs today. Tobacco farming became important in the local area throughout the 1900s and many old tobacco barns are still standing. With the end of government subsidies and with foreign competition, tobacco farming is minimal. Cattle, poultry, and corn are the major agricultural influences today. Clay County is one of the top poultry-producing counties in Tennessee.
During theCivil War, many skirmishes took place up and down the Cumberland River to control the movement of barges laden with supplies. Local communities were split in their loyalties, with many families at odds with each other. Some of these animosities remain today between family groups.
The city of Celina is at the junction of theObey and Cumberland rivers, and it was a major port during the steamboat years betweenNashville andBurnside,Kentucky. Although the Celina ferry landing no longer exists, Celina still connects the north and south by highway. Butler's Landing was used as a storage depot with large warehouses owned and operated by the Butler family. The first Clay County Court meeting was held in a store near the river at Butler's Landing on March 6, 1871. Butler's Landing nearly became the county seat, but Celina won the vote by a narrow margin.
Clay County's rural location has restricted development and attraction of business and industry. This has resulted in the county having one of the highest unemployment rates annually in the state of Tennessee. The lack of jobs often results in the loss of educated young people who have limited opportunities locally.SR 52 has been upgraded to a 4-lane divided highway as part of theCorridor J project, which connects toI-40 inCookeville, and work continues on developing a new industrial park within the Celina city limits. It is hoped this industrial park will help attract more jobs to the county.[6]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 259 square miles (670 km2), of which 237 square miles (610 km2) is land and 23 square miles (60 km2) (8.8%) is water.[7] TheCumberland River flows through the center of the county from north to south, fed by theObey River which flows through the city of Celina from its impoundment atDale Hollow Lake, inundates much of the eastern part of the county.
Unlike most of Tennessee, a sizable part of northern Clay County is outside of theSun Belt due to a past error surveying the northern border ofMiddle andEast Tennessee. Celina in particular is north of the Sun Belt.[8] The Sun Belt is defined by the Kinder Institute as being south of36°30'N latitude, which was intended to be the northern border of Tennessee and is the actual northern border ofWest Tennessee.[9]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 6,987 | — | |
| 1890 | 7,260 | 3.9% | |
| 1900 | 8,421 | 16.0% | |
| 1910 | 9,009 | 7.0% | |
| 1920 | 9,193 | 2.0% | |
| 1930 | 9,577 | 4.2% | |
| 1940 | 10,904 | 13.9% | |
| 1950 | 8,701 | −20.2% | |
| 1960 | 7,289 | −16.2% | |
| 1970 | 6,624 | −9.1% | |
| 1980 | 7,676 | 15.9% | |
| 1990 | 7,238 | −5.7% | |
| 2000 | 7,976 | 10.2% | |
| 2010 | 7,861 | −1.4% | |
| 2020 | 7,581 | −3.6% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[10] 1790-1960[11] 1900-1990[12] 1990-2000[13] 2010-2020[14] 2020[2] | |||
| Race | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 7,202 | 95.0% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 76 | 1.0% |
| Native American | 17 | 0.22% |
| Asian | 5 | 0.07% |
| Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.01% |
| Other/Mixed | 150 | 1.98% |
| Hispanic orLatino | 130 | 1.71% |
As of the2020 census, the county had 7,581 people in 3,264 households, including 2,002 families, and the median age was 49.0 years.[16]
20.4% of residents were under the age of 18 and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older; for every 100 females there were 98.5 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 97.1 males age 18 and over.[16]
The racial makeup of the county was 95.6%White, 1.0%Black or African American, 0.3%American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.1%Asian, <0.1%Native Hawaiian andPacific Islander, 0.7% from some other race, and 2.3% fromtwo or more races.Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 1.7% of the population.[17]
<0.1% of residents lived in urban areas, while 100.0% lived in rural areas.[18]
There were 3,941 housing units, of which 17.2% were vacant; among occupied units, 76.2% were owner-occupied and 23.8% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7% and the rental vacancy rate was 6.8%.[16]
As of thecensus[19] of 2000, there were 7,976 people, 3,379 households, and 2,331 families residing in the county. The 2005 Census Estimate placed the population at 7,992.[20] Thepopulation density was 34 people per square mile (13 people/km2). There were 3,959 housing units at an average density of 17 per square mile (6.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.75%White, 1.44%Black orAfrican American, 0.33%Native American, 0.14%Asian, 0.11%Pacific Islander, 0.24% fromother races, and 4.99% from two or more races. 1.35% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 3,379 households, out of which 27.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.70% weremarried couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.00% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 21.50% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 27.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 94.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $23,958, and the median income for a family was $29,784. Males had a median income of $23,513 versus $16,219 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $13,320. About 14.30% of families and 19.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 23.40% of those under age 18 and 27.60% of those age 65 or over.
Though a traditionally Democratic county like most ofMiddle Tennessee, Clay County has historically been more competitive compared to other counties in the region such asStewart County, with pockets ofSouthern Unionist sympathy having existed on theHighland Rim west of theCumberland River even as the river valley and eastern part of the county supported theConfederacy enough to vote for secession by a wider margin than similarly-dividedDeKalb County (where secession passed by the narrowest margin of any county that didn't vote to remain).[23] The county voted for GOP candidates in 1920, 1960, 1968, 1972, 1984 and 1988, andHerbert Hoover in 1928,Ronald Reagan in 1980, andGeorge W. Bush in 2004 all came within less than 2 percentage points of winning Clay County. Like almost all of Tennessee, however, the county has turned solidly Republican in the 2010s. The last time Democrats even came close to winning any part of Clay County in any statewide election(s) was2018, when bothPhil Bredesen andKarl Dean came within five percentage points of winning the Celina town limits (losing by 1.6% and 2.9% margins respectively) despite losing badly statewide. Even so, Celina itself has since been swept up in Clay County's hard rightward swing too, withBill Lee doing better in Celina than statewide when he won re-election in2022, a stark contrast from his anemic performance in 2018.[24] In2024,Donald Trump andMarsha Blackburn both got over 80% of the vote in Clay County overall, vastly outperforming even their previous margins; Clay County had one of the four biggest rightward swings/trends of any Tennessee county from the2020 presidential election to 2024, being the only county in the state other than nearbyTrousdale and ruralBlack BeltLauderdale andHaywood Counties to trend more than 2.5% rightwards relative to the national popular vote between those two elections. Clay County nativeTrae Crowder attributed its powerful rightward swing every time Trump was on the ballot to Trump'seconomic populist messaging in2016 and the county's lingering economic distress after abruptly losing many manufacturing jobs in the 1990s, with Crowder noting that Clay County voters were told what they wanted to hear in 2016 then became more"dug in" as reliably Republican voters in 2020 and 2024.[25]
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1912 | 440 | 35.12% | 718 | 57.30% | 95 | 7.58% |
| 1916 | 578 | 44.98% | 689 | 53.62% | 18 | 1.40% |
| 1920 | 1,044 | 57.14% | 772 | 42.26% | 11 | 0.60% |
| 1924 | 488 | 41.67% | 668 | 57.05% | 15 | 1.28% |
| 1928 | 556 | 48.99% | 576 | 50.75% | 3 | 0.26% |
| 1932 | 361 | 30.18% | 819 | 68.48% | 16 | 1.34% |
| 1936 | 378 | 35.69% | 661 | 62.42% | 20 | 1.89% |
| 1940 | 537 | 29.42% | 1,288 | 70.58% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1944 | 650 | 46.30% | 754 | 53.70% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 703 | 36.98% | 1,146 | 60.28% | 52 | 2.74% |
| 1952 | 842 | 46.24% | 968 | 53.16% | 11 | 0.60% |
| 1956 | 902 | 48.31% | 948 | 50.78% | 17 | 0.91% |
| 1960 | 1,098 | 52.14% | 976 | 46.34% | 32 | 1.52% |
| 1964 | 622 | 34.21% | 1,196 | 65.79% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 814 | 42.13% | 667 | 34.52% | 451 | 23.34% |
| 1972 | 982 | 59.01% | 648 | 38.94% | 34 | 2.04% |
| 1976 | 982 | 36.67% | 1,671 | 62.40% | 25 | 0.93% |
| 1980 | 1,344 | 48.61% | 1,376 | 49.76% | 45 | 1.63% |
| 1984 | 1,338 | 50.80% | 1,281 | 48.63% | 15 | 0.57% |
| 1988 | 1,291 | 51.78% | 1,183 | 47.45% | 19 | 0.76% |
| 1992 | 1,072 | 33.23% | 1,922 | 59.58% | 232 | 7.19% |
| 1996 | 1,108 | 36.86% | 1,559 | 51.86% | 339 | 11.28% |
| 2000 | 1,468 | 42.65% | 1,931 | 56.10% | 43 | 1.25% |
| 2004 | 1,650 | 49.15% | 1,675 | 49.90% | 32 | 0.95% |
| 2008 | 1,676 | 55.98% | 1,248 | 41.68% | 70 | 2.34% |
| 2012 | 1,747 | 61.95% | 1,037 | 36.77% | 36 | 1.28% |
| 2016 | 2,141 | 73.32% | 707 | 24.21% | 72 | 2.47% |
| 2020 | 2,733 | 77.95% | 735 | 20.96% | 38 | 1.08% |
| 2024 | 3,117 | 82.90% | 614 | 16.33% | 29 | 0.77% |
Places adjacent to Clay County, Tennessee | |
|---|---|
Municipalities and communities ofClay County, Tennessee,United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| City |  | |
| Unincorporated communities | ||
| Ghost towns | ||
36°33′N85°32′W / 36.55°N 85.54°W /36.55; -85.54
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| National | |
| Other | |
