The firstClash of the Champions was held on March 27, 1988, by JCP[1] and was entitledNWA: Clash of the Champions. Subsequent events had different subtitles, for example,Clash of the Champions II: Miami Mayhem, up untilClash of the Champions XVI: Fall Brawl 1991, which was the last event with a subtitle. JCP was sold toTed Turner and renamed WCW in 1988, and WCW continued to air the events until 1997. The rights toClash of the Champions now belong to WWE, which acquired WCW in 2001. All 35 episodes are available for on-demand viewing onPeacock in the United States and theWWE Network elsewhere.
Throughout 1987 and 1988, a bitter event scheduling war broke out between rival wrestling promotersVince McMahon andJim Crockett, Jr. OnThanksgiving night 1987, McMahon'sWorld Wrestling Federation (WWF) airedSurvivor Series againstStarrcade from Crockett and theNational Wrestling Alliance, twopay-per-view (PPV) events on the same day.[1] At that time, many cable companies could only offer one live PPV event at a time, and furthermore were presented with an edict from the WWF saying that any cable company that chose to carry Starrcade would be barred from carrying any future WWF events. Hence, the WWF PPV was cleared 10-1 over Starrcade.[citation needed]
Following this incident, McMahon was warned by the PPV industry not to schedule PPV events simultaneously with the NWA again. However, he was still not willing to fully cooperate with Crockett, and on January 24, 1988, another scheduling conflict took place between the WWF and NWA. The NWA presented theBunkhouse Stampede on PPV, while on the same night, the WWF aired the firstRoyal Rumble for free on theUSA Network.[1]
In 1988, with the WWF'sWrestleMania IV around the corner, Crockett decided to give McMahon a taste of his own medicine. He aired his own supercard,Clash of the Champions for free onTBS on March 27, 1988 - the same night asWrestleMania.[1] The firstClash was of PPV caliber and madeSting a star after he wrestled NWA World ChampionRic Flair to a 45-minute draw. WCW would repeat the practice again the following year with aClash coinciding with the WWF'sWrestleMania V. Although the main event of NWA ChampionRicky Steamboat defeating Flair in a best of three falls match was widely considered the best wrestling match that took place among the two promotions on that day,ratings and attendance for the event fell well below expectations due to the event not being advertised and the practice of conflicting major events would cease until theMonday Night War began in1995.
Clash events continued on a sporadic basis over the next nine years, quickly changing focus to become a free marketing vehicle for NWA/WCW PPV events, similar to the WWF'sSaturday Night's Main Event. WCW aired the 35th and lastClash of the Champions on August 21, 1997. In 1997 the determination was made to discontinue airClash of the Champions due to the start ofThunder.[2]
WWE, the owner of the WCW properties since 2001, resurrected the name under theWWE Clash of Champions pay-per-view starting in 2016.
Following a 25-year hiatus, the variant of theClash event was resurrected byAll Elite Wrestling as theBattle of the Belts in 2022 and airs on TBS' sister channel,TNT on a quarterly basis.
In the main event,Sting challengedRic Flair for theNWA World Heavyweight Championship. Flair's manager, J. J. Dillon, was suspended in a cage above the ring. As no wrestler scored a decision before the time limit expired, the decision was left to the judges appointed for this occasion: wrestling official Gary Juster awarded the match to Sting, whilePenthouse modelPatty Mullen decided in favour of Flair. Wrestling officialSandy Scott ruled the match a draw. No decision was announced for the remaining two judges, actorsJason Hervey andKen Osmond, resulting in the match being ruled adraw and Flair retaining the title.
Clash of the Champions II took place on June 8, 1988, at theJames L. Knight Center inMiami, Florida. There were 2,400 people in attendance and the show drew a 4.8 rating on TBS.[41] Throughout the show, wrestlers were being interviewed as they arrived to the building, most notably,Lex Luger who was attacked byThe Four Horsemen and was busted open after being slammed head first into the trunk of his limo. This would also be an important factor in the conclusion of Luger's match againstRic Flair at the1988 Great American Bash.Kevin Sullivan was locked in a cage at ringside during the third match but stole the key from theGarvins’ valetPrecious.Steve Williams ran in after the match to save the Garvins from a 3 on 2 beat down.Al Perez was disqualified whenLarry Zbyszko interfered in the match attackingNikita Koloff. The referee is knocked out near the end of the main event, prompting Flair andBarry Windham to interfere, resulting in a double disqualification.
Clash of the Champions III took place on September 7, 1988, at theAlbany Civic Center inAlbany, Georgia. There were 3,700 people in attendance and the show drew a 5.4 rating on TBS.Fall Brawl would later become a regular PPV event for WCW.[42] After the matchSteve Williams ran to the ring to congratulateBrad Armstrong. Armstrong replacedTim Horner, who left the company in August. Despite the match not being announced as a no-DQ match,Kevin Sullivan is not disqualified whenAl Perez interferes in the match.Dusty Rhodes won the match by pinningGary Hart and not the legal opponent Kevin Sullivan. The bout was originally scheduled as Rhodes andDick Murdoch vs Al Perez andRon Garvin. Garvin left the company in August and the bout was changed.Ivan Koloff had managerPaul Jones andThe Russian Assassin at ringside. After accidentally costing Koloff the match Paul Jones and the Russian Assassin attacked Koloff soon joined by a second masked Russian Assassin turning Koloff face.Barry Windham was disqualified after hittingSting with a chair. The referee didn't actually see the chair shot but is informed of it bySan Francisco 49erJohn Ayers who came to ringside.
Clash of the Champions IV took place on December 7, 1988, at theUTC Arena inChattanooga, Tennessee. This was the firstClash of the Champions following the sale ofJim Crockett Promotions to Turner Broadcasting and the subsequent company name change toWorld Championship Wrestling. There were 8,000 people in attendance and the show drew a 4.5 rating on TBS.[43] This show set upStarrcade '88. It was on this show that TBS/WCW experimented with a top down camera angle, which did not catch on. This is comparable to the "refer-eye" camera from Halloween Havoc '91. This was the finals of the tournament to crown new United States Tag Team champions; the titles were vacated when the Midnight Express won the NWA World Tag Team titles in September.Ron Simmons andEddie Gilbert had originally lost tothe Sheepherders in the semi-finals but the decision was reversed when the Sheepherders signed with theWorld Wrestling Federation to become the Bushwhackers. Both losing finalists would later win the title with other partners (Big Josh andRick Steiner respectively.)Ivan Koloff pinned Paul Jones after hitting him with Jones’ own illegal object. Koloff had one arm tied behind his back during the entire match. The Russian Assassins attacked Koloff after the match only for theJunkyard Dog to make the save.Dusty Rhodes was disqualified for hittingRoad Warrior Animal with a chair. BothHawk andSting had already interfered in the match. The Road Warriors choseGenichiro Tenryu to be the 3rd champion on the December 10th edition ofNWA World Championship Wrestling.
Clash of the Champions V took place on February 15, 1989, at theCleveland Convention Center inCleveland, Ohio. There were 5,000 people in attendance and the show drew a 4.6 rating on TBS. This show was warm up show for theChi-Town Rumble PPV only 5 days later.[44] Steven Casey was billed as "undefeated" coming into this match. The masked Blackmailer wasJack Victory who did double duty on the night (he was also Russian Assassin #2)Mike Rotunda replacedKevin Sullivan in the match, Sullivan and Williams originally won the US titles. The main event match was declared a double disqualification whenSting,Junkyard Dog andMichael Hayes stormed the ring. Sting, JYD and Hayes were originally slated to face the Road Warriors and Tenryu but were locked in by Kevin Sullivan before the match. A Ric Flair scheduled interview resulted in a Ricky Steamboat confrontation and an unscheduled in-ring, and out-of-ring, brawl, resulting in Flair losing all his clothes except his socks and trunks. The ring announcer for the night was formerIWA andWWF Play-by-Play announcerJack Reynolds.Ricky Steamboat andRic Flair had an in-ring contract signing for their match at Chi-Town Rumble.
There is a very entertaining review of this Clash Of The Champions on an episode of the We Can't Wrestle Podcast.
Clash of the Champions VI took place on April 2, 1989, at theLouisiana Superdome inNew Orleans, Louisiana. There were 5,300 people in attendance and the show drew a 4.3 rating on TBS.[45] This show was used to build theWrestleWar 1989 PPV on May 7. Clash VI was held on the same day asWrestleMania V and on free TV in an attempt to hurt the PPV rating as per the first Clash the previous year.
The Samoan Swat Team defeatedThe Midnight Express when Fatu hitBobby Eaton with Paul E. Dangerously's phone without the referee seeing it. This was the continuation of theJim Cornette/Paul E. Dangerously feud that started when Dangerously brought the "Original Midnight Express" to WCW.
The Varsity Club (Mike Rotunda andSteve Williams) defeatedThe Road Warriors when Williams cradled Hawk for the pinfall. The match was marred by controversial officiating: refereeTeddy Long refused to count a pinfall for the Road Warriors only moments before making a fast count on Williams pinning Hawk. Long was subsequently fired as a referee and became a manager.
Flair pinned Steamboat after reversing aninside cradle in the first fall (19:33)
Steamboat forced Flair to submit with adouble chickenwing in the second fall (34:54)
Steamboat pinned Flair after a failed double chickenwing attempt. Flair fell on top of Steamboat, both men's shoulders were down, but Steamboat got his left shoulder up before the three count in the third fall (55:49).
The replay would show that Flair's foot was under the bottom rope, allowing him to get one last rematch at WrestleWar 1989.
Clash of the Champions VII took place on June 14, 1989, at theRitz-Epps Fitness Center inFort Bragg, North Carolina. The show drew a 3.8 rating on TBS. This show was used to build theGreat American Bash 1989 PPV on July 23.[47]Jimmy Garvin replacedTerry Gordy who participated in the first round match; it was Garvin's debut as an official Freebird, although he had been an "undercover" Freebird since 1983. The Freebirds beatThe Road Warriors in the first round while the Dynamic Dudes beatJack Victory andRip Morgan.Jack Victory once again appears at a Clash of Champions under a mask, having previously appeared as "Russian Assassin #2" and "The Blackmailer" when the bookers needed a generic heel. The Ding Dongs won after aflying kneedrop /flying elbow double team move The Ding Dongs were Jim Evans and Richard Sartain who only wrestled a handful of matches under this gimmick.Stan Lane pinned Samu afterthe Road Warriors ran in and attacked the Samoan Swat Team while the referee was knocked out. The Midnight Express beatBob Orton, Jr. andButch Reed in the first round while the Samoan Swat Team beatRanger Ross andRon Simmons. This match is one of the firstthe Steiner Brothers had together. Jim Cornette was attacked by Paul E. Dangerously early in the match and helped to the back by the Dynamic Dudes.Terry Funk is disqualified for hittingRicky Steamboat with the microphone. Funk beat down on Steamboat after the match untilLex Luger made the save. After running Funk off Luger turns on Steamboat and attacks him as well.
Clash of the Champions VIII took place on September 12, 1989, at theCarolina Coliseum inColumbia, South Carolina. There were 2,600 fans in attendance and the show drew a 4.7 rating on TBS. This show was used to build the first everHalloween Havoc PPV on October 28.[48]
Tom Zenk made the Cuban Assassin pass out from theSleeper hold. This was Tom Zenk's WCW Debut match.
Scott Steiner was tripped by eitherMissy Hyatt orRobin Green at ringside. It was later revealed to be Robin Green who would later go on to manageDoom in a feud with the Steiner Brothers. This was the Steiner Brothers’ first ever shot at a world tag-team title.
Dick Slater andThe Great Muta were disqualified after Muta uses theAsian mist onSting and Slater strikesRic Flair with his cast. Slater was a substitute for an injuredTerry Funk. After the match, Funk jumped Flair from behind and tried to suffocate Flair by putting a plastic bag over his head.[49][50] The following week onPower Hour, Funk refused to apologize.[51] After the match, Slater hit Sting in the leg with a branding iron.Brian Pillman ran out and performedCardiopulmonary resuscitation on an unconscious Flair.
Clash of the Champions IX took place on November 15, 1989, at theHouston Field House inTroy, New York. There were 4,000 fans in attendance and the show drew a 4.9 rating on TBS.
The Road Warriors were disqualified when Hawk hit the referee. The Freebirds had actually lost the NWA World Tag Team Championship on November 1, but the match had not aired yet, so the Freebirds were introduced as the NWA World Tag Team champions. Eaton pinned Douglas afterJim Cornette hits Douglas with his tennis racket. Jim Cornette was in a neutral corner at the start of the match before deciding to side with the Midnight Express.
"The Super Destroyer" markedJack Victory's 4th "Masked Mystery Man" appearance at a Clash ("Russian Assassin #2", "The Blackmailer" and "The Terrorist").
The Steiner Brothers had actually won theNWA World Tag Team Championship on November 1, but the match had not aired yet, so The Steiners were not announced as the champions.The Skyscrapers were disqualified whenDoom ran in and attacked the Steiner Brothers. During the matchSid Vicious punctures a lung and is replaced by"Mean" Mark Callous soon after. Woman's bodyguardNitron makes his debut during the post match brawl between the Steiners, the Skyscrapers, Doom and the Road Warriors.
Lex Luger pinnedBrian Pillman after hitting him with a chair while the referee was down.Sting saved Pillman from further attacks by Luger.
Ric Flair forcedTerry Funk to say "I Quit" on the microphone due to the pain of theFigure Four Leglock. Gary Hart attacked Funk after the match and was quickly joined byThe Great Muta. Sting saved Flair from the attack only to be attacked by Lex Luger. This match received a 5-star rating fromDave Meltzer.
Clash of the Champions X took place on February 6, 1990, at theMemorial Coliseum inCorpus Christi, Texas. There were 3,000 fans in attendance and the show drew a 4.5 rating on TBS.[53] This was the show that set upWrestleWar.Norman the Lunatic pinnedKevin Sullivan behind closed doors in the women's bathroom.The Skyscrapers were disqualified for bringing a chair into the ring.Doom was unmasked asRon Simmons andButch Reed. In the main eventArn Anderson pinnedThe Dragonmaster after a DDT.Sting was originally scheduled to be in the match but was kicked out of the Horsemen earlier in the night and replaced withOle Anderson. During the match Sting ran to the ring and tried to climb into the cage. During the ensuing brawl Sting blew out his knee.[54]
Clash of the Champions XII took place on September 5, 1990, at theAsheville Civic Center inAsheville, North Carolina. There were 4,000 fans in attendance and the show drew a 5.0 rating on TBS.[56] The Master Blasters debuted at this event, however, after approximately one week Iron was replaced byBlade.Ric Flair was disqualified due to interference byStan Hansen. After their match,Sting attempted to unmaskthe Black Scorpion, tearing away his black mask only to reveal a red mask underneath. The Scorpion quickly escaped when the "real" Black Scorpion appeared on the entrance ramp. Although he was never truly unmasked, the Black Scorpion that Sting wrestled wasAl Perez.
Clash of the Champions XIII took place on November 20, 1990, at theJacksonville Memorial Coliseum inJacksonville, Florida. There were 5,000 fans in attendance and the show drew a 4.2 rating on TBS.[57] This Clash of the Champions set up forStarrcade '90: Collision Course. The first match was originally scheduled as a 6-man tag team match withBobby Eaton onthe Fabulous Freebirds' team andEl Gigante onthe Southern Boys team, but before the match El Gigante was "injured" by the Freebirds, and the match was therefore changed to a regular tag team match.Ric Flair andButch Reed both won coin tosses to determine who would represent their respective teams, while their respective partnersArn Anderson andRon Simmons remained at ringside. Since Flair won, Flair and Anderson earned a rematch against Doom for the NWA World Tag Team titles atStarrcade and Teddy Long had to be Flair's chauffeur for a day. Had Butch Reed won, Teddy Long would have gotten the Yacht and Limosine and there would have been no rematch at Starrcade.
Clash of the Champions XIV took place on January 30, 1991, at theGeorgia Mountains Center inGainesville, Georgia. There were 2,200 fans in attendance and the show drew a 3.9 rating on TBS.[58] This was the first Clash of Champions event not to be produced by theNWA. Dusty Rhodes returned to WCW following a brief stint in theWWF as the new booker and as color commentator. It was originally set to be held at theCNN Center inAtlanta, but due to security reasons arising from the escalation of thePersian Gulf War, it was moved to the Georgia Mountains Center in Gainesville.[59]Doom was disqualified due toSting being tossed over the top rope byButch Reed.Tom Zenk lost theWCW World Television Championship in a match taped on January 7, but the match had not yet aired, so Zenk was billed as champion.
The event was poorly received by fans. A fan poll in the February 18, 1991, issue of theWrestling Observer Newsletter showed only 79 out of 394 responding fans gave the show a "thumbs up" vote, with 48 voting "thumbs in between" and 267 voting "thumbs down." Ric Flair and Scott Steiner received the most votes for the event's best match, with 54. El Cubano vs. Ranger Ross received the most votes for the worst match of the night, with 45.[60]
Clash of the Champions XV took place on June 12, 1991, at theCivic Auditorium inKnoxville, Tennessee. There were 5,000 fans in attendance and the show drew a 3.9 rating on TBS.[61]Steve Armstrong pinnedJimmy Garvin,Tracy Smothers pinnedBadstreet, andTom Zenk pinnedMichael Hayes simultaneously.Terrance Taylor was disqualified whenRichard Morton interfered. In the Loser of the fall-leaves-WCW tag team match Pillman was pinned, thus the storyline was that he was forced to leave WCW. Pillman would continue to wrestle in WCW under a mask as The Yellow Dog until September 1991.Masahiro Chono replacedKensuke Sasaki in the tag team match. During the match,Scott Steiner tore his bicep. After the match, The Hardliners (Dick Slater andDick Murdoch) attacked both teams. TheWCW World Tag Team Championship, which The Steiners also held, was not on the line in this event.Steve Austin won theWCW World Television Championship on June 3, but the match didn't air yet, so Austin was not the champion on this show. In the first fall,Bobby Eaton pinnedRic Flair, In the second fall, Eaton was counted out, In the third fall, Flair pinned Eaton to win the match. Eaton'sWCW World Television Championship was not on the line, although he lost the title to Steve Austin on June 3, but the match hadn't aired yet, so he was still recognized as champion. This was the last Clash of Champions till 1993 for Flair, as he was soon stripped of the WCW World Title by Jim Herd due to a contract dispute. This led to Flair departing for the WWF.
Clash of the Champions XVI took place on September 5, 1991, at theAugusta-Richmond County Civic Center inAugusta, Georgia. There were 2,800 fans in attendance and the show drew a 3.7 rating on TBS.[63] The Patriots defeatedthe Fabulous Freebirds to win theWCW United States Tag Team Championship on August 12, but the match didn't air yet, so the Freebirds were announced as the champions. Furthermore, the titles were not on the line, making it a non-title match.Larry Zbyszko pinnedBill Kazmaier. The titles were vacated on July 18, 1991, when one half of the reigning WCW World Tag Team ChampionsThe Steiner Brothers,Scott Steiner, was injured. Steiner and Kazmaier defeated The Ringlords andOne Man Gang and The Executioner to advance to the finals, while The Enforcers defeatedThe Young Pistols and The Patriots to advance to the finals. Earlier in the evening, Kazmaier was performing "feats of strength" in the ring when Anderson and Zbyszko attacked and injured his ribs with a weight plate. They exploited this injury during the actual match to gain the victory and the Tag Team Titles.
Clash of the Champions XVII took place on November 19, 1991, at theSavannah Civic Center inSavannah, Georgia. There were 6,922 fans in attendance and the show drew a 4.3 rating on TBS.[65] Prior to this show,Sting had received "Mystery Boxes" which revealedCactus Jack andAbdullah The Butcher. This Clash was to reveal who was actually sending the boxes to Sting. It turned out to beLex Luger. A match involvingArachnaman andRichard Morton was scheduled for this show, but ended up not taking place.Thomas Rich's partner in the York Foundation,Terrence Taylor actually tripped Rich up, allowing Josh to pin Rich.Ricky Steamboat was a surprise replacement partner forBarry Windham
Clash of the Champions XIX took place on June 16, 1992, inCharleston, South Carolina, at theMcAlister Field House ofThe Citadel. The event aired on TBS on June 22, 1992. There were 4,600 fans in attendance and the show drew a 2.8 rating on TBS.[67] The popularity of this event, and the opening of the new12,000-seat arena twelve miles to the north, led this to be the last Clash on-campus. Further Charleston-based Clashes were held at the new arena. The storyline was that Miguel Pérez Jr. and Ricky Santana were assaulted backstage, although it was never shown. The rest of the tournament took place atThe Great American Bash 1992.
Clash of the Champions XX was a major professional wrestlingsupercard produced byWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW) and broadcast live onTBS on September 2, 1992, from theCenter Stage Theater inAtlanta. The event was not only the 20th time WCW held a "Clash of the Champions" show but also marked the 20th anniversary of professional wrestling being shown on TBS asMid-Atlantic Wrestling in 1972. The show was held at the Center Stage Theater, the same location where most of WCW's regular TBS showWCW Saturday Night were taped at the time. It was also the final wrestling TV appearance forAndre The Giant, who died four months later. Other wrestling legends, including "Bullet"Bob Armstrong andThunderbolt Patterson, appeared at the event as well.
Clash of the Champions XXII took place on January 13, 1993, inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, atThe MECCA.[72] This was the lastClash for announcerJim Ross who shortly after this event leftWCW and joined theWWF.
Originally, it was scheduled to beSting,Dustin Rhodes,Ron Simmons, andVan Hammer againstBig Van Vader,Barry Windham,The Barbarian, andRick Rude; due to injuries, Hammer and Rude dropped out and Orndorff took Rude's place. Earlier on the show, Vader's team got rid of Barbarian, and Vader injured Simmons.Cactus Jack came in during the match, siding with Sting and Rhodes, thus turning face.Johnny B. Badd replacedErik Watts, where the storyline was that he was suspended from WCW, due to an altercation withArn Anderson.Tony Atlas replaced Hammer in the arm-wrestling contest.
Dick Slater replaced WCW World Television ChampionPaul Orndorff, who was injured in a car accident. Earlier,Maxx Payne shotJohnny B. Badd in the face with his Baddblaster. Flair pinned Pillman (09:41), The Blonds were disqualified (11:06). Although they won two straight falls, Anderson and Flair did not win the titles because the interference by Barry Windham caused the Hollywood Blonds to get disqualified in the second fall, thus the titles could not change hands. A dark match saw Jim Neidhart defeat Shanghai Pierce.
Lord Steven Regal replaced the injuredBrian Pillman. On September 1, Anderson and Roma would be stripped of theNWA World Tag Team Championship, due to WCW withdrawing from the NWA.Bobby Eaton replaced Regal, who replaced Pillman in the earlier match. If Vader had been disqualified in the main event, he would have lost the title to Smith.Cactus Jack returned after the main event match, attacking Vader.The Shockmaster made his WCW debut in one of the most infamous moments in wrestling history.
Ric Flair pinnedBig Van Vader but the referee later reversed the decision to a disqualification victory for Flair as Vader had accidentally knocked down the referee. As a result, Vader retained the championship.
Early on the show, Hulk Hogan was attacked by a masked man (played byArn Anderson, though in the storyline the assassin was eventually revealed asBrutus Beefcake). Steamboat suffered a career-ending back injury during his match. He would however make a brief in ring return for the WWE in 2009.
Lord Steven Regal injured his knee during the opening dark match againstChris Benoit. Benoit bled from the eye after receiving several headbutts. The show included the wedding of Col. Robert Parker and Sister Sherri, which was interrupted by Madusa, who was revealed to have been seeing Parker on the side.Brian Pillman, during his match withEddie Guerrero, grabbed ringside commentatorBobby Heenan's jacket neck from behind, causing Heenan to yell "What the fuck are you doing?". Heenan later apologized for his outburst. Disco Inferno forfeited his match to perform at Parker & Sherri's wedding. This was revealed by an Elvis Impersonator (Mike Winner) who Sullivan attacked.The Road Warriors returned at this event and challenged WCW Tag Team ChampionsSting and Lex Luger, with Sting agreeing to a match despite Luger being reluctant.Miss Elizabeth, Debra McMichael, Linda Bollea, Woman, and several other women initially came to the ring with Hogan & Savage. It was reported that Ric Flair, who lost the WCW World Title to Savage one day prior, threatened to quit WCW unless the finish to the main event (Hogan pinning Flair with the legdrop) was changed. At the event, Flair pinned Savage after use of a foreign object. Live reports claim 75% of the crowd left during the dark match that closed the show.
The main event was originally announced as a standard tag match, but was changed to a match for Hall andKevin Nash's tag team titles before it began, withRandy Savage subbing for Nash under theFreebird rule.
^abcdHornbaker, Tim (2007).National Wrestling Alliance: The Untold Story of the Monopoly That Strangled Pro Wrestling.ECW Press. pp. 357–358.ISBN978-1-55022-741-3.
^Cawthon, Graham (2014).the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 4: World Championship Wrestling 1989–1994. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.ISBN978-1499656343.
^"2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts".Wrestling's Historical Cards. Kappa Publishing. 2007. p. 134.
