 Shaughnessy asMaryland coach in 1942 | |
| Biographical details | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1892-03-06)March 6, 1892 St. Cloud, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Died | May 15, 1970(1970-05-15) (aged 78) Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1911–1913 | Minnesota |
| Positions | Fullback,tackle,end |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1914 | Minnesota (assistant) |
| 1915–1920 | Tulane |
| 1922–1926 | Tulane |
| 1927–1932 | Loyola (LA) |
| 1933–1939 | Chicago |
| 1940–1941 | Stanford |
| 1942 | Maryland |
| 1943–1945 | Pittsburgh |
| 1944–1947 | Washington Redskins (advisor) |
| 1946 | Maryland |
| 1948–1949 | Los Angeles Rams |
| 1951–1962 | Chicago Bears (DC) |
| 1965 | Hawaii |
| Basketball | |
| 1915–1918 | Tulane |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1915–1920 | Tulane |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 150–117–17 (college football) 14–7–3 (NFL) 27–15 (college basketball) |
| Bowls | 1–0 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| Awards | |
| |
| College Football Hall of Fame Inducted in 1968 (profile) | |
Clark Daniel Shaughnessy (bornClark Daniel O'Shaughnessy; March 6, 1892 – May 15, 1970) was an Americanfootball coach and innovator. He is sometimes called the "father of theT formation" and the original founder of the forward pass, although that system had previously been used as early as the 1880s. Shaughnessy did, however, modernize the obsolescent T formation to make it once again relevant in the sport, particularly for the quarterback and the receiver positions. He employed his innovations most famously on offense, but on the defensive side of the ball as well, and he earned a reputation as a ceaseless experimenter.
Shaughnessy held head coaching positions atTulane University,Loyola University New Orleans, theUniversity of Chicago,Stanford University, theUniversity of Maryland, theUniversity of Pittsburgh, theUniversity of Hawaii, and in theNational Football League with theLos Angeles Rams. Shaughnessy also served in advisory capacities with theChicago Bears and theWashington Redskins.
He reached the height of his success in 1940, in his first season at Stanford, where he led the Indians toan undefeated season that culminated with aRose Bowl victory. That year, he also helped prepare the Chicago Bears for the1940 NFL Championship Game, in which they routed Washington, 73–0. Shaughnessy's successes showcased the effectiveness of the T formation and encouraged its widespread adoption. He was inducted into theCollege Football Hall of Fame in 1968. Shaughnessy also coachedcollege basketball at Tulane University. He playedcollege football at theUniversity of Minnesota.
In 2021, theProfessional Football Researchers Association named Shaughnessy to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2021.[1]
Shaughnessy was born on March 6, 1892, inSt. Cloud, Minnesota,[2] the second son of Lucy Ann (Foster) and Edward Shaughnessy. He attendedNorth St. Paul High School,[3] and prior to college, had no athletic experience.[4] When he attended theUniversity of Minnesota, however, he played college football under head coachHenry L. Williams and alongsidehalfbackBernie Bierman.[5] Shaughnessy considered Williams to be football's greatest teacher,[6] and Williams considered him to be the bestpasser from theMidwest.[7] Shaughnessy handled both the passing andkicking duties for the team.[7]
He played on the freshman squad in 1910 and on the varsity squad from 1911 to 1913,[5] first as anend, then atackle in 1912, and finally as afullback in 1913.[8] Of the three, Shaughnessy said he preferred the tackle position.[8] In 1912, he recovered threefumbles againstIowa,[3] andWalter Camp named him an alternate on hisAll-America team.[7] As a senior, Shaughnessy was named to the All-Big Ten Conference first team.[9]
Shaughnessy played basketball as aguard and ran track in the 440- and 880-yard events.[10] The Minnesotaathletic director asked him to jointhe basketball team before a game againstIllinois, despite the fact he had never played and did not know the rules.[4] He joined thetrack and field team in similar fashion, and replaced a half-mile runner even though he did not own and had never worntrack spikes.[4] InThe Big Ten: A Century of Excellence, Shaughnessy was called "one of the most versatile athletes in Minnesota's history."[10] Shaughnessy also competed as arower with theSt. Paul Boat Club.[4] He was a member of theSigma Chi fraternity.[7]
After graduation, he remained at his alma mater, Minnesota, for one season as an assistant coach in 1914.[5]Tulane University selected Shaughnessy as head football coach in 1915 over potential candidatesDana X. Bible andCharley Moran, among others.Notre Dame assistant coachKnute Rockne andRay Morrison were both unable to travel toNew Orleans for an interview, and Tulane officials required a face-to-face meeting with the applicants.[5] The school offered Shaughnessy $1,875 ($58,279adjusted for inflation) to be itsfootball,basketball, and track coach, andathletic director.[7] When he arrived, he found the football field in a state of disrepair and the equipment to be woefully inadequate.[7] Because the athletic department was in dire financial straits, Shaughnessy paid to purchase new equipment for the team.[7] With only one opponent scheduled in the upcoming season, he wrote letters to sixty schools to secure additional games.[7]
Shaughnessy introduced to Tulane theMinnesota shift, an innovation created by his former coach Henry L. Williams.[11] By 1919, Shaughnessy had transformed Tulane into a competitor amongstSouthern collegiate teams.[12] That season, he guided them to a then school record of seven consecutive wins.[13] In 1920,Germany Schulz was hired to take over duties as athletic director,[14] and he also aided Shaughnessy as the line coach from 1923 to 1925.[15]
In 1923, Shaughnessy hired his former teammateBernie Bierman as an assistant coach.[13] Bierman remained on the staff for three seasons before he left to become head coach atMississippi A&M.[12] In 1924, Tulane set a new school record for wins and finished with an 8–1 record. The following season, the Green Wave bested the prior year's mark and posted a 9–0–1 record.[13] School officials declined an invitation to faceWashington in theRose Bowl,[16] because they believed the Tulane players were too small.[17]Indiana University attempted to hire Shaughnessy after his undefeated season,[18] but he instead chose to sign a ten-year extension with Tulane.[19]
In a 1926 article written for theNEA News Service, he responded to those who asked him how the "Shaughnessy System" worked so well. He said, "If there is a 'Shaughnessy system' at Tulane, if it has any 'secret,' two words tell the whole story—common sense. All that I have done at Tulane is take the material I found and train it in plays built around the individual abilities of each man."[20]
Despite optimistic preseason predictions,[21] Tulane suffered its first and only losing season of Shaughnessy's tenure in 1926.[13] He was considered for the head job atNorthwestern in February 1927 afterClarence Spears turned it down.[22] Shaughnessy later received similar offers fromLouisiana State andWisconsin.[23] On April 8, 1927, he tendered his resignation without a publicly stated reason and was subsequently released from his contract.[13][24] Tulane replaced him with former assistant Bernie Bierman.[13]The Milwaukee Journal credited Shaughnessy with building a formidable team at Tulane, and noted that he increased revenue and improved facilities, while he used the available players and did not pay them "anickel".[25] At the end of his tenure, Shaughnessy held a record of 59–28–7, and as of 2010, he continues to hold the record for the most wins of any Tulane football coach.[26] He also coached the basketball team for three seasons between 1915 and 1918 and amassed a 27–15 record.[27]
In June 1927, nearbyLoyola of the South hired Shaughnessy as its head football coach.[28] According toThe Wow Boys: A Coach, a Team, and a Turning Point in College Football, a New Orleansmillionaire offered him $175,000 to coach Loyola for ten years ($3,167,768 adjusted for inflation).[17] This made him one of the highest paid football coaches in the nation at the time.[29]
In 1928, Loyola traveled toSouth Bend, Indiana, to playNotre Dame in its season opener. The Wolves took a 6–0 halftime lead before they eventually fell, 12–6. After the game, Notre Dame head coachKnute Rockne reportedly said, "Never get me another 'warm-up game' against a team coached by that guy."[17] The following year, Rockne was asked to name the best football coach and responded, "Modesty forbids ... But if I can name the two best football coaches in America, one of them is going to be Clark Shaughnessy."[30]
At Loyola, Shaughnessy retained his emphasis on theforward pass. In 1930, the Wolves beat larger but unpreparedIowa State andDetroit teams in consecutive weeks withthe same passing play.[31] During his tenure, he was called "the greatest one man coaching staff in football."[32] He also brought to Loyola his modified version of the Minnesota shift, which he claimed no opponent had been able to completely counteract.[32] In 1931,California considered Shaughnessy as a candidate for its head coaching job.[25] Despite opportunities to coach elsewhere, Shaughnessy remained in New Orleans because he liked the city and it was his wife's hometown.[25] He compiled a 38–16–6 record at Loyola from 1927 to 1932.[23]
After the 1932 season,University of Chicago president Dr.Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out 70-year-old head coachAmos Alonzo Stagg, whom he considered too old for the position.[33] Stagg then moved on to coach at theCollege of the Pacific.[33] Athletic directorT. Nelson Metcalf hired Shaughnessy to replace Stagg as head coach in 1933.[34] Shaughnessy inherited a difficult situation at Chicago, and for the most part, lacked good material.[34]: 153 He did, however, inherit from Stagg at least one important recruit:[33] inauguralHeisman Trophy winner and futureHall of Fame backJay Berwanger,[35] whom manyMidwest pundits considered the bestback of the 1930s.[36]
Under an academic program implemented in 1933 known as the New Plan or the Chicago Plan, annual comprehensive examinations replaced end-of-term testing.[34]: 157 This new schedule conflicted with spring football practice,[34]: 157 which was shortened each subsequent season until it was eventually eliminated altogether.[34]: 157 Without that extra practice to learn Shaughnessy's complex system, time had to be devoted to basics in the fall.[34]: 157 The New Plan also hindered the availability of suitable football players: It encouraged younger students to enroll, discouraged the transfer ofstudent-athletes, and had stringent academic requirements to maintain athletic eligibility.[34]: 158–159 Athletic director Metcalf said, "Others do legitimate recruiting, which we do not."[34]: 159 Putting Chicago at further disadvantage to its Big Ten opponents,university president Hutchins would not countenance the establishment of aphysical education major.[34]: 161–162
At the first practice in 1933, Shaughnessy assessed he would have a goodline, but an undersizedbackfield.[23] He told the assembled candidates that they would use an open game and fast passing attack to offset their disadvantages.[23] In his first season, Shaughnessy awarded a box of candy to the Maroon player who made the firsttackle of each game for the player to give to his girlfriend.[37] The "C" men alumni organization created similar incentives for themost valuable player, best tackler, and bestblocker.[37]
In January 1934, Shaughnessy hiredMarchmont Schwartz as an assistant coach. Schwartz had played on Shaughnessy's Loyola freshman team before he transferred to Notre Dame.[38] In February, Shaughnessy declined interest fromOhio State to replace former head coachSam Willaman, and said that he had already assembled his coaching staff and had no desire to leave Chicago.[39] In 1935,Harvard offered Shaughnessy a job as its head coach, which he seriously considered.[40] Chicago moved to retain him, possibly with a salary increase,[41] and the Harvard job ultimately went to formerWestern Maryland coachDick Harlow.[42]
After breaking even in each of his first three seasons, Shaughnessy's Chicago teams suffered a losing record each year from 1936 to 1939.[43] Chicago finished the 1939 season with a 2–6 record and were winless in theBig Ten Conference.[44] The Maroons were outscored by their opponents, 308–37, and failed to tally in each loss. These included routs byMichigan, 85–0;Ohio State, 61–0;Illinois, 46–0;Harvard, 61–0; andVirginia, 47–0.[45] President Hutchins, who hated the sport and said "there is no doubt that football has been a major handicap to education in the United States", successfully pushed to have the program disbanded.[46] He said, "I did not de-emphasize football at the University of Chicago, I abolished it."[45] Hutchins hoped the move would set an example for other universities to follow, but this did not occur.[46]
Shaughnessy could have remained at Chicago, where he held a "lifetimesinecure" as a physical education professor and earned a comfortable salary of $7,500 ($169,539 adjusted for inflation),[8] but he was intent on continuing to coach. He described football as his passion and hobby.[47] His final record at Chicago was 17–34–4.[43]
During his coaching tenure at the University of Chicago, Shaughnessy befriendedGeorge Halas, the owner and coach of theChicago Bears.[48] In 1930, Halas had hiredRalph Jones, the athletic director and football coach at nearbyLake Forest College,[49] who had been his freshman coach at theUniversity of Illinois in 1914.[50] Under head coachRobert Zuppke,Illinois employed the T formation in "its most rudimentary form".[50] With the Bears, Jones experimented with the old T formation, and he spread the linemen, pushed out onereceiver, and used a back as a man in motion, the latter usually beingRed Grange.[49] While these changes were innovative, they were not game-changing, and the T was used to complement thesingle-wing offense rather than replace it.[49] In 1935, Shaughnessy described to Halas his vision of the T formation that used "hidden ball stuff, but with power".[51] He had not employed it at the University of Chicago because he lacked the players to execute it.[51] In 1937, Shaughnessy began to work part-time as a consultant to the Bears for $2,000 per year ($43,745adjusted for inflation).[52] In that capacity, he helped refine the T formation and analyzed scouting reports.[52] The Bears continued to experiment with the T,[45] and after Shaughnessy left Chicago, the formation became the club's standard offensive formation in 1940.[49] The media has sometimes erroneously credited Shaughnessy for the invention of the T formation. TheAssociated Press wrote that "he was, however, undeniably the father of the modern T-attack."[48] Shaughnessy himself called it the oldest formation in football.[48]
In 1939, theStanford Indians posted a 1–7–1 record to finish last in thePacific Coast Conference, which resulted in the relief of head coachTiny Thornhill.[53] At the time, the1939 Stanford Indians were considered the worst team to have ever represented the university.[45] After the season, Stanford unsuccessfully attempted to hireMissouri coachDon Faurot.[54] During the job search, Stanford officials were surprised to learn how well regarded Shaughnessy, a coach of only occasionally successful squads, was amongst his peers. Many considered him as a "mad scientist" of football experimentation.[45] In January 1940,Stanford University awarded a five-year contract to Shaughnessy as its head football coach, passing over predicted frontrunnerJohn Bain Sutherland.[55] The move surprised even Shaughnessy, who said, "I didn't expect it."[55]
Many Stanford alumni were upset with the decision to hire Shaughnessy. The most popular candidates for the vacant position were two Stanford alumni themselves:San Jose State coachDudley DeGroot, andSanta Clara coachBuck Shaw. Some believed the Shaughnessy hiring was a ploy to eventually eliminate football at the school, as had happened at both Loyola and Chicago the year prior.[45] TheBay Area media mocked the Shaughnessy hiring as comically inept. They believed that a prestigious academic school had foolishly hired an inveterate loser as its head coach.[45] Prescott Sulivan of theSan Francisco Examiner and Jack McDonald of theSan Francisco Call-Bulletin coined the nickname "Soup" for Shaughnessy, which they sarcastically explained was adiminutive for the word "super".[45] Sullivan wrote, "We have heard it said that Shaughnessy has developed the knack of losing to the point where, with him, it is an exact science. In light of his record, we aren't at all surprised at this."[45] The Stanford players were also skeptical of Shaughnessy's abilities.Center Milt Vucinich said, "We'd been reading about all those beatings Shaughnessy's men had taken, so we were joking among ourselves that wasn't it just like Stanford to hire somebody like this to coach us."[56]
Although Stanford had fared poorly during the previous seasons, Thornhill had left behind a team with a talented roster, which included 24 returninglettermen.[36] Shaughnessy believed the players were good, but unsuited to thesingle-wing offense that his predecessor had employed.[56] Perhaps most importantly, Shaughnessy inherited backFrankie Albert, whom he considered a prototypical T formationquarterback.[57] In 1943, Shaughnessy wrote that he considered the 1940 Stanford backfield—quarterback Frankie Albert, fullbackNorm Standlee, right halfbackHugh Gallarneau, and left halfbackPete Kmetovic—as the greatest in history. While he believed the Indians backfield was better than any such combination in thesingle-wing,double-wing,short punt, orbox formations, he added the caveat that this held true only in the Stanford players' employment in the T-formation.[58]
Shaughnessy assembled a competent coaching staff in line coachPhil Bengtson and backfield coach Marchmont Schwartz.[36] He also hired former Chicago Bears quarterbackBernie Masterson to mentor Frankie Albert.[45] Shaughnessy's version of the T formation relied on motion and deception, and therefore differed from its earlier 19th-century incarnations, such as that used by Amos Alonzo Stagg at the University of Chicago, which emphasized power.[45] In contrast to the single-wing, the new T did not use massed blocking formations for theball-carrier. Instead, it utilized "brush blocking", where the linemen would only need to block a defender for one or two seconds. This scheme greatly reduced the disadvantage of an undersized line. Also different from the single-wing, the directsnap and position of the backs in the T formation shielded the ball from the view of defenders. This allowed for far more effective deception.[45] Shaughnessy reportedly drew inspiration for his strategy from thePanzer tactics ofWehrmacht generalHeinz Guderian.[59]
Most sportswriters, unfamiliar with the T formation, called it the "Shaughnessy Formation" or "Shaughnessy's new razzle-dazzle attacks."[45] Bill Leiser of theSan Francisco Chronicle referred to it correctly when he wrote:
No one knows for sure what kind of football the Indians will play from this new T-Formation ... They start from theNotre Dame T and then stop looking like Notre Dame because they don't shift at all and never do get into the famous box formation. The man-in-motion may stop anywhere on the field. He changes the formation. [Quarterback Frankie] Albert parks himself right behind thecenter and takes the ball directly from his hands on nearly all plays. It's football unlike any previously played on theCoast.[45]
The team conducted intense preparations during the spring and fall practices before the 1940 season. On one occasion, Stanfordathletic director Al Masters angrily complained that the maintenance department had left on the practice field lights, only to be told that the team was still practicing.[45] In one scrimmage, the varsity offense managed only a singletouchdown against the freshman team, which prompted Shaughnessy to secretly draft a single-wing playbook in the event that the T formation failed.[45]
The 1940 season opened with Stanford facing theUniversity of San Francisco Dons atKezar Stadium as part of the first-ever major college football doubleheader.[45] It also featuredSanta Clara andUtah, but despite its unusual nature, the event was overshadowed by a concurrent game deemed much more significant betweenCalifornia andMichigan in nearbyBerkeley.[45] After Santa Clara defeated Utah, 34–14, the Stanford game began at 3:30 p.m. It started off sloppily, and the Indians failed to advance the ball in their first two possessions. In their third series, however, Albert connected with an uncoveredreceiver, Hugh Gallarneau, for a 17-yard pass. Fullback Norm Standlee then rushed for 20 yards.Halfback Pete Kmetovic ran untouched up the middle for the game's first touchdown. Stanford went on to win, 27–0, and outgained San Francisco by a margin of 247 yards to eight. After the game, San Francisco head coachGeorge Malley said, "We were baffled, naturally, by all that running around in the backfield."[45] After the game, convinced that the T formation worked, Shaughnessy discarded the single-wing playbook he had drafted.[45]
The following week, Stanford defeatedOregon, 13–0. The Indians then beat Santa Clara, 7–6, which was the Broncos' only loss of the season. Stanford rallied to beat 19th-rankedWashington State, 24–13. A week later, the Indians defeated their fifth unbeaten opponent, 17th-rankedSouthern California, 21–7. They continued on to beatUCLA, 20–14; 11th-rankedWashington, 20–10; 19th-rankedOregon State, 28–14; andCalifornia, 13–7. Stanford, with a perfect 9–0 record, secured the Pacific Coast Conference championship and an invitation to the1941 Rose Bowl, where they faced seventh-rankedNebraska. The Indians won, 21–13, with the final score coming on a 39-yardpunt return by Kmetovic.[60]
Before the Rose Bowl, Shaughnessy lent help to his old associate George Halas of the Chicago Bears, which inSid Luckman, had found a quarterback well suited to the T formation.[45] Before theNFL Championship Game against theWashington Redskins, Shaughnessy devised a series ofcounter plays to confuse their opponent, which on game film had shown a tendency to shiftlinebackers in the direction of the motion man. His preparations helped Chicago rout Washington, 73–0.[61]
At the end of the season, thePoling System named Stanford the national champions, and in later years, the Billingsley Report andHelms Athletic Foundation did likewise retroactively.[62] Shaughnessy was voted the Scripps-Howard Coach of the Year by a wide margin,[60] and Albert and Gallarneau were named toAll-America first teams.[63] The media nicknamed the 1940 squad the "Wow Boys", a play on their impressive feats and the earlier Stanford "Vow Boys",[45] which were named for their promise to never lose toSouthern California.[60]
Stanford's and the Chicago Bears' unexpected success with the modern T formation prompted coaches around the nation to adopt it. Shaughnessy and Halas taught coaching clinics, and Bears quarterback Sid Luckman installed the formation at his alma mater,Columbia. Luckman also helped implement the T on national championship teams at bothArmy and Notre Dame. By 1944, more than half of the country's football teams at the collegiate and professional level were using the T.[49] In 1949, thePittsburgh Steelers were the only NFL team still using the single-wing.[49] The T formation led to numerous derivatives, many of which remain in use today, including thepower I,pro set,veer,wishbone,[45]split T,wing T, andWest Coast offense.[64]
Shaughnessy made the "pessimistic" prediction of at least two losses for his 1941 squad, which lost Gallarneau and Standlee to graduation.[65] His forecast proved accurate, as injuries took their toll,[66] and the team lost toOregon State,Washington State, andCalifornia to finish with a 6–3 record.[67] After the Indians fell in their penultimate game, Stanford,Washington, and Oregon State were tied for first-place in the Pacific Coast Conference with two losses each.[68] California's upset win over Stanford, 16–0, in the finale ensured that Oregon State received the Rose Bowl bid.[69]
In February 1942, Shaughnessy traveled toYale University, which was considering three candidates for its vacant head coaching position.[70] A month later, he said he was not interested in Yale, but that he might move to an unnamedEastern school with little football tradition.[66] Shaughnessy resigned in March 1942 to move toMaryland.[71] A 1977Sports Illustrated article reported that he decided to leave when he realized Stanford might discontinue its football program duringWorld War II.[45] He expressed disappointment about leaving, but believed the new job would provide a challenge.[71] Maryland reportedly offered the same salary as Stanford, $9,000 ($173,200 adjusted for inflation), and a position on its faculty.[72]
At Maryland, Shaughnessy served as the head football coach, athletic director, and director of physical education,[73] under a "lifetime contract".[74] Shaughnessy introduced a red and white color scheme for the Maryland uniforms, which replaced the longstanding combination of black and gold.[75] He installed the T formation,[71] and mentored quarterbackTommy Mont, whom he compared favorably with Frankie Albert.[76] He also praised Terrapins fullback Jack Wright and likened him to Norm Standlee.[77] In 1942,the Terrapins amassed a 7–2 record under Shaughnessy,[43] and the Associated Press assessed it was a "pretty fair ball club".[78] Mont finished the season as one of the top three passers in the nation.[79] After the season, Shaughnessy left Maryland forPittsburgh, a move he later called, "the worst thing I ever did."[74]
In 1943, Shaughnessy replacedPittsburgh head coachCharles W. Bowser, who had applied for acommission in theUnited States Navy.[80] TheUniversity of Pittsburgh had de-emphasized football, a move with which Shaughnessy said he was in accordance.[81] He also said he would not guarantee any number of wins as coach.[81] During this time, Shaughnessy had to contend with the loss of players to thewartime draft.[82] At Pittsburgh, his teams compiled a 10–17 record from 1943 to 1945 without a winning season.[43] In 1943, theNational Safety Council honored him with an award for "developing and applying coaching methods that provide maximum protection for the players."[83]
In March 1944, Washington Redskins ownerGeorge Preston Marshall hired Shaughnessy as an advisor,[84] a position he held concurrently with his duties at Pittsburgh.[85] He mentored new head coachDudley DeGroot in the T formation, in which quarterbackSammy Baugh excelled.[86] Pittsburgh, however, disapproved of his affiliation with the professional franchise.[87]
In February 1946, Shaughnessy accepted an offer toreturn to Maryland amidst mounting criticism at Pittsburgh, which included the threat of resignation from assistant coachesCharles Hartwig, Bobby Hoel andStan Olenn.[88][89]University of Maryland president Dr.H. C. Byrd, himself a former football coach, called Shaughnessy one of the top-three coaches in the nation.[88] Shaughnessy complained that he was not given a fair chance to succeed at Pittsburgh and that controversy over his role with the Redskins was without basis.[90] The Pittsburgh athletic board had recommended Shaughnessy be retained as coach if he resigned from the Redskins, but he refused.[87]
Shaughnessy said, "The funny part of it is that I gave Maryland the roughest deal I have ever given anyone in my life, and when Dr. [Byrd] offered me a chance to come back, I accepted."[90] Because of his repeated job changes, the Associated Press dubbed Shaugnessy "football's man in motion".[91] At Maryland, he replacedBear Bryant who had departed forKentucky.[88] Shaughnessy reintroduced his preferred red and white uniforms, which again replaced the black and gold scheme and remained the dominant colors until 1987.[75]
His return to Maryland was far less successful than his first stint. The Terrapins amassed a 3–6 record in 1946.[43] In November, he claimed aWashington Post story misquoted him as calling some of his ex-servicemen players "bums".[92] The same article reported he would be fired at the end of the season.[92]The Post ran another quote that Shaughnessy admitted was accurate: "There are some boys on this team who would have been fired a long time ago by another coach for their personal conduct."[92]
After the season, it was rumored that the Redskins were interested in promoting him to replace head coachTurk Edwards, but the franchise denied it and Shaughnessy would not comment on his plans.[93] In January 1947, he quit as Maryland coach, stating that he did not want to remain athletic director or resign from the Washington Redskins, both of which the school wanted.[74] Shaughnessy said he would work full-time for the Redskins for the remaining year on his contract, and might return to coach only college football at the end of his term, possibly with Maryland.[74] President Byrd affirmed that Shaughnessy's poor 1946 record was not related to his departure.[74] He was replaced bysplit T proponentJim Tatum.[94]
In1948, Shaughnessy joined theLos Angeles Rams as a "technical advisor" to head coachBob Snyder.[95] In the preseason, ownerDan Reeves was so impressed with Shaughnessy that Reeves promoted him to head coach and fired Snyder.[96] At Los Angeles, Shaughnessy developed thepro set that used a threewide receiver set.[91] He made this change to capitalize on running backElroy "Crazy Legs" Hirsch, who he thought would make a betterflanker.[91] Los Angeles captured theWestern Conference Championship in1949.[91]
Reeves fired Shaughnessy after two seasons, because he had created "internal friction".[45] One source explained that Shaughnessy's eccentricities and continuously expanding playbook had taken its toll on the players.[97] He was replaced by assistant coachJoe Stydahar. Shaughnessy said, "Stydahar coach the Rams? I could take a high school team and beat him."[97] Stydahar, however, led the Rams to theNational Conference Championshipthat season, and the team set numerous NFL passing and scoring records.[45]
In 1951, Shaughnessy was rumored as a candidate for the vacant Washington Redskins head coaching job, but nothing came of it.[98] From1951 to1962, Shaughnessy served on the staff of theChicago Bears as a technical advisor,[48] vice president,[99] anddefensive specialist.[100] Halas retained responsibility for the offense, including the Bears' T formation.[100] Ironically, Shaughnessy was tasked with developing a defense to counter the T formation. One of his solutions was the 5–3–3 defense, which left outside linebackers available to defend against end runs and passes in the flat.[101]
In 1954, Shaughnessy attended theBlue–Gray Game inMontgomery, Alabama, scouting specifically for flankers.Jacksonville State assistantRay Wedgeworth told him the best receiver in the state was not playing in the game:Harlon Hill ofFlorence State Teachers' College. Shaughnessy requested game film from Hill's coach, and eventually, the Bears selected him with their 15th round pick in the1954 NFL draft. That season, Hill was namedNFL Rookie of the Year, and in his second season he was named theNEANFL MVP.[102]
In October1961, the Bears—utilizing Shaughnessy's complex, shifting defensive alignments—stifledSan Francisco 49ers coachRed Hickey's newshotgun formation, 31–0. Chicago had learned lessons against theBaltimore Colts who had attempted to use the shotgun the previous week.[100] Shaughnessy explained his Chicago defensive scheme in November 1961:
We can adjust to fit three things. We have defenses to fit the [offense] we face, the personnel we face and the situation in the game.Bill George calls the basic overall defense. ThenFred Williams calls the defense for the rush men.Richie Petitbon calls the defense for the backs. All of these are real bright boys, and they do a great job.[103]
Shaughnessy mentoredmiddle linebacker Bill George as the defensive play-caller. Bears coachAbe Gibron likened George to having Shaughnessy himself on the field.[104] Shaughnessy worked to counter the increasing use of theforward pass. He emphasizedman-to-man coverage, droppedlinebackers ordefensive ends into pass coverage, and utilizedblitzes from multiple directions—which had previously consisted mostly of just a middle linebacker.[105]
Former Chicago Bears head coachHunk Anderson gave a highly critical account of his interactions with Shaughnessy inNotre Dame, Chicago Bears, and Hunk Anderson.[106] He described one incident, during a game against theCleveland Browns, where Shaughnessy implored Anderson to call an "end run". Anderson, thinking he noticed a vulnerability to exploit, asked which end run and which blocking assignments to use. Shaughnessy replied that any end run would do. Anderson asked in disgust for Shaughnessy to sit down and watch the rest of the game. He explained that the Bears had 28 different end runs to each side for each of the four backs, each of which had numerous blocking schemes. He added, "You just can't say 'any end run' ... You have to choose one."[106] Anderson also claimed Shaughnessy plagiarized plays from other coaches, renamed them, and claimed them as his own.[106]
At the end of the1962 season, Shaughnessy tendered his resignation with a year remaining on his contract. He expressed regret in his departure and admiration for Halas, but said that he felt it was time for a change.[107]
Shaughnessy briefly returned to coaching in 1965 when he took over atHawaii, where the football program was "in a moribund state" and "close to extinction".[108] Hawaii amassed a 1–8–1 record during Shaughnessy's only season,[43] but the Associated Press credited him with reviving the program.[108] He was replaced by the school's first full-time coach,Phil Sarboe.[108]
In December 1917,[109] he married L. Mae, with whom he had one son and two daughters: Clark Shaughnessy Jr.; Janice Shaughnessy, and Marcia Wilson.[110] He met his wife in New Orleans while coaching at Tulane.[17] Ateetotaler, Shaughnessy held a negative opinion of bothdrinkers andsmokers.[8][45] Marchmont Schwartz noted, "When he said, 'Let's go have a drink,' he meant, 'Let's go drink amilk shake ... He disappointed a lot ofnewspapermen that way."[45] Aside from his declared hobby as a football coach and experimenter,[47] he enjoyed long-distance driving.[8] Shaughnessy preferred to devise plays late at night, between midnight and dawn, while his household slept.[8] A 1977Sports Illustrated article described him as an "ascetic" and his lifestyle as "Spartan". It noted he would go to bed as early as 7 o'clock, and wake up for work at three or four in the morning.[45]
Shaughnessy did not take criticism well. In one incident, he demanded that a critical columnist leave a Northern California Football Writers' Association meeting.[45] During a 1945 press conference while coach at Pittsburgh, Shaughnessy responded to criticism that he had been too conservative in a 6–0 win overTemple and taken too many risks in a 39–9 loss toNotre Dame. He said, "You tell me what to do. Shall we play a conservative game—hold down the score and play to look good—or shall we gamble, depending on a freak chance to win but losing by a big score if we fail?"[111]
After he joined the Chicago Bears' staff, sportswriterRoger Treat said, "I always looked upon Clark Shaughnessy as a conscientious idealist who might better have followed the trail ofFather Flanagan ofBoys Town. He may never be entirely happy in the jovial thuggery of pro football, where every man has a little assassin in him."[45]Illinois head coachRobert Zuppke said, "The world lost the greatestundertaker when Clark Shaughnessy decided on football coaching."[45]
Shaughnessy's grandson isGrateful Dead drummerBill Kreutzmann.[112] His son Clark Shaughnessy Jr. was an All-Americanjavelin thrower for theUCLA Bruins track and field team, finishing 6th at the1938 NCAA track and field championships.[113][114]
Shaughnessy retired toSanta Monica, California. On May 4, 1970, he was admitted toSanta Monica Hospital suffering fromhypertension.[115] He died there at the age of 78 on May 15.[48]
TheCollege Football Hall of Fame inducted Shaughnessy in 1968.[2] Shaughnessy was a semifinalist in the 2010Pro Football Hall of Fame class, but was not selected.[105] Shaughnessy had been a finalist for induction in 1970, 1975, and 1976, but fell short in the voting each time.[116] He was inducted into the University of Minnesota "M" Club Hall of Fame in 2010,[117] the Tulane University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1977,[118] and the Stanford University Athletic Hall of Fame.[119]
| Team | Year | Regular season | Postseason | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Won | Lost | Ties | Win % | Finish | Won | Lost | Win % | Result | ||
| LA | 1948 | 6 | 5 | 1 | .545 | 3rd in NFL Western | – | – | – | – |
| LA | 1949 | 8 | 2 | 2 | .800 | 1st in NFL Western | 0 | 1 | .000 | Lost toPhiladelphia Eagles inNFL Championship. |
| LA Total | 14 | 7 | 3 | .667 | 0 | 1 | .000 | – | ||
| NFL Total[121] | 14 | 7 | 3 | .667 | 0 | 1 | .000 | – | ||
| Total | 14 | 7 | 3 | .667 | 0 | 1 | .000 | – | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
