Clann na Poblachta | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Seán MacBride |
| Founded | 6 July 1946 |
| Dissolved | 10 July 1965 |
| Ideology | [1] |
| Political position | Centre-left |
Clann na Poblachta (Irish:[ˈklˠaːn̪ˠn̪ˠəˈpˠɔbˠlˠəxt̪ˠə]; "Family/Children of the Republic")[2] was anIrish republican political party founded in 1946 bySeán MacBride, a former Chief of Staff of theIrish Republican Army (IRA).
Clann na Poblachta was officially launched on 6 July 1946 in Barry's Hotel in Dublin.[3] It held its firstArd Fheis in November 1947 in the Balalaika Ballroom.
Seán MacBride's new party appealed to disillusioned young urban voters andrepublicans. Many had become alienated fromÉamon de Valera'sFianna Fáil, the main republican party in Ireland, which in the view of more militant republicans had betrayed their principles by executingIRA prisoners inthe unrest in Ireland during theSecond World War. A large majority of the founding members of the Clann had been members of the IRA at some stage of their lives.[4] Clann na Poblachta also drew support from people who were tired of the oldCivil War politics and were disillusioned with Éamon de Valera and his approach to thepartition of Ireland.[5] Many supporters also questioned the governments economic policies and wanted more attention paid to social issues. In post-war Europe many people blamed the social evils of unemployment, poor housing, poverty and disease for the rise of fascism andcommunism. This new mood influenced people in Ireland also. Some people saw Clann na Poblachta as a replacement for Fianna Fáil. Others saw in it a replacement for the marginalisedSinn Féin, others still a break from the traditional pro- and anti-treaty Civil War division. The new party grew rapidly during 1947.
The party was influenced bysocial democratic policies such as United States PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deal, British prime ministerClement Attlee'swelfare state, and elements of EuropeanChristian Democracy as well as Irish republicanism. It attracted a diverse range of people, from traditional republicans such asNoel Hartnett andKathleen Clarke to social democrats such as Dr.Noël Browne, who had been attracted to the party because of its commitment to fighttuberculosis, andPeadar Cowan, a formerLabour Party executive member who had resigned in disgust owing to the infighting within that party at the time.[6]
Irish social and health services were both starved of money and struggling with a social system where the Catholic Church's hostility to state action obstructed progress. TB was a scourge and Ireland lagged far behind the rest of Western Europe in tackling it. Furthermore, there was no free secondary education (a situation that continued into the 1960s). Under-development and poor economic performance drove high levels of emigration and rural depopulation.
Clann na Poblachta was formed at a time during a period of turmoil in Irish politics. Fianna Fáil andFine Gael, the two major political parties, were weak. Fine Gael was in disarray because of their rival's seemingly hegemonic dominance and because of a perceived failure to be able to offer anything to disillusioned Fianna Fáil supporters. Fianna Fáil was visibly losing support because of the failure of the party's program to end mass unemployment, poverty and emigration. The Labour Party had bitterly split in 1944 over personal differences betweenWilliam O'Brien andJames Larkin, whileClann na Talmhan was regarded as being too specialist and too greatly concerned with the needs of farmers.
In October 1947, Clann na Poblachta won two by-elections (inDublin County andTipperary).[7] TheTaoiseach, de Valera, saw the threat posed by the new party, and in February 1948 he called a snapgeneral election to try to catch Clann na Poblachta off guard. At the time Clann had hopes of replacing Fianna Fáil both as the majority republican party and as the leading party of the state. De Valera's gambit was only partially successful. In the 1948 election Clann na Poblachta won 173,166 votes and ten seats in theDáil Éireann — far fewer than was expected but formed a coalition government with the Fine Gael party.[8] In September 1948 the newly formed coalition government released the bodies ofIrish Republicans who had been executed in the early 1940s and buried within prisons:Richard Goss,Patrick McGrath,George Plant,Charlie Kerins andMaurice O'Neill.[9] However, the election did produce enough seats among the opposition groups to cost Fianna Fáil its majority. The opposition parties soon realized that if they banded together, they would be able to form a government with the support of seven independents and consign de Valera to opposition for the first time in 16 years. ThatFirst Inter-Party Government was made up of Fine Gael, the Labour Party,National Labour,Clann na Talmhan, Clann na Poblachta, and some independents.
Clann had stood on a platform of "get them out"; hence, a coalition with Fianna Fáil was clearly not an option. However, the republicans in Clann were reluctant to serve in a government led by Fine Gael. They were particularly opposed to a government headed by Fine Gael leaderRichard Mulcahy, who had been aFree State general during the Civil War.[10] At the suggestion ofWilliam Norton, the Labour leader, it was agreed that no party leader would be Taoiseach.John A. Costello, who had served asAttorney-General toCumann na nGaedheal governments in the 1920s and 1930s, became Fine Gael's choice for Taoiseach. Norton becameTánaiste, while MacBride was appointed asMinister for External Affairs. Clann was an uneasy coalition of socialists and republicans; to placate the left wing, MacBride named Noël Browne for appointment asMinister for Health. However, many of the party's republicans remained unreconciled to serving with Fine Gael, and the very act of joining the government weakened the party.
On taking office MacBride burnished the party's republican anti-partitionist credentials by having Costello nominate the northern ProtestantDenis Ireland toSeanad Éireann.[11] Ireland was the first member of theOireachtas to be resident inNorthern Ireland.
As Minister for External Affairs and a strong republican, MacBride was seen as instrumental in the repeal of theExternal Relations Act 1936, under which KingGeorge VI, who had been proclaimedKing of Ireland in December 1936, fulfilled the diplomatic functions of a head of state.[a] In September 1948 Costello announced in Canada that the government was about to declare Ireland a republic. The requisite legislation—The Republic of Ireland Act 1948—was passed through theOireachtas, and at Easter 1949 theRepublic of Ireland came into existence, with the King's remaining functions granted instead to thePresident of Ireland.
MacBride regarded Ireland as a republic in any case (in much the same way as de Valera did) and saw the repeal of the Act as merely removing the last vestiges of the British connection. He was however deeply angry that Costello had stolen his idea, and refused to attend the official ceremony marking the inauguration of the Republic of Ireland.
The Government and opposition jointly mounted what they called the "Anti-Partition Campaign', arguing the opinion that partition was the only obstacle preventing a united Ireland. At foreign conferences, Irish delegates stated their cause for the ending of partition. This campaign had no effect whatsoever on the unionist government inNorthern Ireland.
MacBride was Minister of External Affairs when theCouncil of Europe was drafting theEuropean Convention on Human Rights. He served as President of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe from 1949 to 1950 and is credited with being a key force in securing the acceptance of this convention, which was finally signed in Rome on 4 November 1950. In 1950 he was president of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Council of Europe, and he was vice-president of theOrganisation for European Economic Co-operation from 1948 to 1951. He was responsible for Ireland not joining theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[12]
As Minister for External Affairs, MacBride declined the offer of Ireland joiningNATO to resist Soviet aggression. He refused because it would mean that the Republic recognisedNorthern Ireland. He did however state that Ireland was strongly opposed to communism. In 1950 he offered a bi-lateral alliance to the United States, but this was rejected. Ireland remained outside the military alliance. In 1949 Ireland joined theOrganisation For European Economic Co-Operation and theCouncil of Europe as founder-members.
MacBride also argued for the "return of sterling assets" to Ireland: essentially a decoupling of theIrish pound from thePound sterling by selling Britishgilts and investing the money in domestic enterprise. Officials in the IrishDepartment of Finance, who had an excellent relationship with theBritish Treasury and thought a decoupling would isolate Ireland and discourage investment, resisted the policy. The matter came to a head at the time of the 1949devaluation of sterling. Despite two government meetings to discuss decoupling, it was decided to retain the sterling link—which remained until 1979.
Noël Browne proved highly controversial as Minister for Health. A medical doctor, he became famous for two policies. One of these was a successful anti-tuberculosis (TB) campaign. Free massX-rays were introduced to identify TB sufferers, who were given free hospital treatment. New drugs were also introduced to fight the disease. Though Browne made a significant contribution to the campaign, it had actually originated withConn Ward,Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government and Public Health in de Valera's government; it was Ward's preparatory work and Browne's practical implementation that produced the acclaimed scheme that practically wiped out TB in Ireland.
Browne's second initiative was much more controversial. In 1950, Browne tried to put the parts of the Health Act 1947 into effect. This Act would give free health care to all mothers and children up to the age of sixteen, regardless of income. However, theMother and Child Scheme, as it became known, faced stiff opposition from Irish doctors and theCatholic Bishops of Ireland. Doctors opposed the deal because they feared a reduction in their incomes and because they were worried about state interference between patient and doctor. The Catholic Bishops opposed the Act because it seemed a dangerously communistic idea to them. They feared it might lead to the supply ofbirth control and abortion. Browne met with the Bishops and thought that he had satisfied them. However his handling of the affair alienated possible supporters in the hierarchy, notably BishopJohn Dignan, and those elements of the medical profession privately supportive of the Mother and Child Scheme. In addition his poor attendance at cabinet meetings and strained relationships with cabinet colleagues meant that they too failed to support him. On 11 April 1951 MacBride as party leader demanded Browne's resignation and he withdrew from the Cabinet.[13] Browne left Clann na Poblachta and several other TDs followed him out of the party, destroying the fragile internal unity of the party.
In 1951 the coalition faced increasing pressure to remain afloat and so an election was called. Clann na Poblachta was reduced to just two seats. Noel Browne andJack McQuillan, both of whom were elected as independents, supported de Valera's minority government. In 1954 another general election was called and theSecond Inter-Party Government took office, again under Costello as Taoiseach. Although Clann na Poblachta reached aconfidence and supply agreement with the government, it did not join it.
In keeping with the republican views of many of its key supporters, Clann had throughout maintained close links with republicans in Northern Ireland who espoused similar views, accepting the1937 Constitution and the government operating under it as legitimate in theRepublic of Ireland (differing from Sinn Féin on this issue) but keeping open the option of armed struggle in Northern Ireland. The most prominent link of this kind was between the Clann andLiam Kelly and hisFianna Uladh organisation, even though Kelly and the Fianna Uladh's armed wing (Saor Uladh) were engaged in a military campaign in Northern Ireland. In 1954 the Clann made Kelly's election toSeanad Éireann (courtesy of Fine Gael councillors' votes) a condition for supporting theSecond Inter-Party Government. Kelly had been imprisoned at the time for making a seditious speech.[14]
The Government's increasingly firm action against the IRA, which had just launched theBorder Campaign, was one of the main reasons why the Clann withdrew its support at the beginning of 1957, along with a sharp deterioration in the economy.
Atthe 1957 election MacBride lost his seat inDáil Éireann, and his failure to secure a seat in two subsequent by-elections ended his political career.[14] The party contestedthe 1961 general election but only one candidate was elected to the Dáil.John Tully, elected forCavan, was the only Clann na Poblachta TD to emerge from the1965 general election.
The party entered talks with the Labour Party about a possible merger, but these ended in failure because the participants could not agree on the focus of any merged party, or whether Sinn Féin or theNational Progressive Democrats could be included. At the party Ard Fheis on 10 July 1965, Clann na Poblachta voted to dissolve itself.[14]
| Election | Seats won | ± | Position | First Pref votes | % | Government | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 10 / 147 |  10 | 4th | 174,823 | 13.2% | Coalition(FG-LP-CnP-CnT-NLP) | Seán MacBride |
| 1951 | 2 / 147 |  8 | 5th | 54,210 | 4.1% | Opposition | Seán MacBride |
| 1954 | 3 / 147 | 1 |  5th | 41,249 | 3.1% | Opposition | Seán MacBride |
| 1957 | 1 / 147 | 2 | 6th | 20,632 | 1.7% | Opposition | Seán MacBride |
| 1961 | 1 / 144 | | 5th | 13,170 | 1.1% | Opposition | Seán MacBride |
| 1965 | 1 / 144 | | 4th | 9,427 | 0.8% | Opposition | Seán MacBride |
{{cite book}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
