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| Thechapeau (orcap of maintenance) represents Scot barons in historical heraldry instead of a coronet |
| The Ancient Nobility of the Baronage of Scotland |
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Titled nobles in the Baronage |
| Convention of the Three Estates |
TheScottish Gaelic wordclann means children.[2] In early times, and possibly even today,Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. Theclan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than achieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan.[3] Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to asarmigerous clans.
Historically the principal function of the chief was to lead the clan in battle on land and sea.[4] The chief and the chieftain were at one time in theScottish Highlands influential political characters, who wielded a large and often arbitrary authority.[5] However, none of this authority now remains.[5] Highland chiefship or chieftainship in the modern sense is no more than a high social dignity.[5] The existence of chiefship and chieftainship has been recognized byScottish law;[5] however, the disarming of the Highland clans after the1745 Jacobite rising effectively eliminated clanship from ordinary civil or statutory law.[6] Most notable was theHeritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 (20 Geo. 2. c. 43) that abolished traditional rights of jurisdiction afforded to Scottish clan chiefs.[7]
While Scottish law recognizes the existence of clans, chiefs and chieftains,[8] this recognition is only one of social dignity or precedence via theLyon Court, and does not involve any interest for which the law has jurisdiction.[9] According to former Lord Lyon Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, a clan is a community that is distinguished by heraldry and recognised by the sovereign. Without that recognition, a clan chief, and therefore the clan, would have no official recognition. Innes further considered clans to be a "noble incorporation" because the arms borne by a clan chief are granted or otherwise recognised by the Lord Lyon as an officer of the Crown, thus conferring royal recognition of and on the entire clan. Clans with recognised chiefs are therefore considered a noble community under Scots law. A group without a chief recognised by the sovereign through the Lord Lyon has no official standing under Scottish law. Claimants to the title of chief are expected to be recognised by the Lord Lyon as the rightful heir to the undifferenced arms of the ancestor of the clan of which the claimant seeks to be recognized as chief. A chief of a clan is the only person who is entitled to bear the undifferenced arms of the ancestral founder of the clan. The clan is considered to be the chief's heritable estate and the chief's Seal of Arms is the seal of the clan as a "noble corporation". Therefore, under Scots law, the chief is recognised as the head of the clan and therefore, once recognised, serves as the lawful representative of the clan community worldwide.[10][11] The Lyon Court remains the only authority which can make a recording of the dignity of a chiefship acknowledged by attestation, although it is suggested it cannot declare judicially a chiefship.[12] Further, although no Scottish court can exercise a jurisdiction to determine disputes of competing claimants to a chiefship or chieftainship,[5][13] to quoteLord Aitchinson in theCourt of Session it is presumed that "Historically the idea of a chief or chieftain submitting his dignity to the arbitrament of its Court of law is really grotesque. The chief was the law, and his authority was derived from his own people".[5]
A number of constitutional changes took place with theScotland Act 1998. Schedule 5 of the act makes clear that certain matters are reserved, among others "honours and dignities or the functions of the Lord Lyon King of Arms so far as relating to the granting of arms"; but that is not the case for "Lord Lyon King of Arms in his judicial capacity", which is therefore subject to the powers of the Scottish Parliament. However, theAbolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 5) explicitly states (in section 62) that "Nothing in this Act shall be taken to supersede or impair the jurisdiction or prerogative of the Lord Lyon King of Arms," which suggests that the legal authority of the Lyon Court remains intact in all matters heraldic.[citation needed]
To summarise, it is protocol and a preference for any Scottish clan to have their chief recognised by the Lord Lyon and therefore have legal status for the clan as a whole in Scotland and beyond, allowing their head to take their rightful place in theStanding Council of Scottish Chiefs.
The Lyon Court, whose jurisdiction isheraldic,[13] can confirm an application for theChief of the Name and Arms of a Scottish family. However, the "Chief of the Name and Arms" is a heraldic term, originating from the Frenchchef du nom et des armes and refers to the head of a heraldicarmigerous family.[14][15] There is no evidence of any practice that would point to the use ofchief of clan, orchieftain of branch of clan, as correct heraldic descriptions of headship of an armigerous family.[16] The termchief of clan andprincipals of branches is not to persons bearing coats of arms; chiefship and chieftainship have no armorial significance.[16][Note 1] Although thechief of clan andChief of the Name and Arms may concur in the same person they are not the same term.[16] SeeChiefs of Clan Fraser for an example ofchief of clan andChief of the Name and Arms not being held by the same person.
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In cases where a clan has no chief, or a family wishes to have recognition as a clan, clan or family members can formally get together, witnessed by a representative of the Lord Lyon, in aderbhfine, and appoint either aclan chief if the evidence of links to a chiefly line exists or otherwise aclan commander.
The Lyon Court can recognise the appointment of a clan commander, for an interim period of up to ten years, whereupon a furtherderbhfine will be required. It is at this point that the clan chief is recognised by the Lyon Court.[17] Clans with clan commanders are still referred to asarmigerous clans.
Clan chiefs are entitled tosupporters on theircoat of arms to specify a very high dignity. A requirement of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs for membership, is that an applicant chief must demonstrate a right to hereditary supporters. A chief without supporters could only be allowed to serve on the council for their lifetime; each successive heir would have to be re-elected in the same manner.[18]
Elements of the chief'sarms are often found in thecrest badge worn, usually on abonnet, by members of Scottish clans. These crest badges contain, in most cases, the chief'sheraldic crest, andheraldic motto (or sometimes the chief's secondary motto orslogan). Clan chiefs are entitled to wear three eagle feathers behind their crest badge.[citation needed] Clan chieftains are entitled to two eagle feathers. A clan member is not entitled to any feathers unless they have been granted arms by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, in which case they are anarmiger and can wear a crest badge containing elements from theirown arms.[citation needed]
Thesash, as worn by Scottish women as part of thenational dress, is normally worn over the right shoulder; only the wives of chiefs and chieftains, and women who are chiefs or chieftains in their own right, wear it over the left shoulder.[19]
