Cladogenesis is anevolutionary splitting of a parentspecies into two distinct species, forming aclade.[1]
This event usually occurs when a few organisms end up innew, often distant areas or when environmental changes cause several extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors and causingpopulation bottlenecks andfounder effects changingallele frequencies of diverging populations compared to their ancestral population. The events that cause these species to originally separate from each other over distant areas may still allow both of the species to have equal chances of surviving, reproducing, and even evolving to better suit their environments while still being two distinct species due to subsequentnatural selection,mutations andgenetic drift.[2]
Cladogenesis is in contrast toanagenesis, in which an ancestralspecies gradually accumulates change, and eventually, when enough is accumulated, the species is sufficiently distinct and different enough from its original starting form that it can be labeled as a new form - a new species. With anagenesis, the lineage in aphylogenetic tree does not split.
To determine whether a speciation event is cladogenesis or anagenesis, researchers may use simulation,evidence from fossils, molecular evidence from the DNA of different living species, or modelling. It has however been debated whether the distinction between cladogenesis and anagenesis is necessary at all in evolutionary theory.[3][4][5]
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