 Relationships (Outline) |
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Annulment is alegal procedure withinsecular andreligiouslegal systems for declaring amarriagenull and void.[1] Unlikedivorce, it is usuallyretroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place.[a][2] In legal terminology, an annulment makes avoid marriage or avoidable marriage null.[3]
A difference exists between avoid marriage and avoidable marriage.
A void marriage is a marriage that was not legally valid under the laws of the jurisdiction where the marriage occurred, and isvoidab initio. Although the marriage is void as a matter of law, in some jurisdictions an annulment is required to establish that the marriage is void or may be sought in order to obtain formal documentation that the marriage was voided. Under the laws of most nations, children born during a void marriage are considered legitimate. Depending upon the jurisdiction, reasons for why a marriage may be legally void may includeconsanguinity (incestual marriage),bigamy,group marriage, orchild marriage.[4][5]
A voidable marriage is a marriage that can be canceled at the option of one of the parties. The marriage is valid, but may be annulled if contested in court by one of the parties to the marriage. The petition to void the marriage must be brought by one of the parties to the marriage, and a voidable marriage thus cannot be annulled after the death of one of the parties. A marriage may be voidable for a variety of reasons, depending on jurisdiction. Common reasons for allowing a party to void a marriage include entry into the marriage as a result of threat or coercion. Some jurisdictions have a distinction between legal age of majority and legal age of marriage; in this case, it is usually the custom that the marriage can proceed with parental or guardian consent, and the marital parties being able to ratify or void the marriage upon reaching the age of majority. These are also considered voidable marriages.
The principal difference between a void and voidable marriage is that, as a void marriage is invalid from the beginning, no legal action is required to set the marriage aside. A marriage may be challenged as void by a third party, for example in probate proceedings during which a party to the void marriage is claiming inheritance rights as a spouse. In contrast, a voidable marriage may be ended only through the judgment of a court, and may be voided only upon the petition of one of the parties to the marriage or, if a party is under a legal disability, by a third party representative such as a parent or legal guardian.
The legal distinction between void and voidable marriages can be significant in relation toforced marriage. In a jurisdiction that classifies forced marriages as void, then the state can cancel the marriage even against the will of the spouses. In contrast, if the law provides that a forced marriage is voidable then, even if it can be proved that the marriage was forced, the state cannot act to end the marriage in the absence of an application by a spouse.[6]
In thecanon law of theCatholic Church, an annulment is properly called a "Declaration of Nullity", because according toCatholic doctrine, themarriage ofbaptized persons is asacrament and, onceconsummated and thereby confirmed, cannot be dissolved as long as the parties to it are alive. A "Declaration of Nullity" is not dissolution of a marriage, but merely the legal finding that a valid marriage was never contracted. This is analogous to a finding that a contract of sale is invalid, and hence, that the property for sale must be considered to have never been legally transferred into another's ownership. A divorce, on the other hand, is viewed as returning the property after a consummated sale.
ThePope may dispense from a marriageratum sed non consummatum since, having been ratified (ratum) but not consummated (sed non-consummatum), it is not absolutely unbreakable. A validnatural marriage is not regarded as a sacrament if at least one of the parties is notbaptized. In certain circumstances it can be dissolved in cases ofPauline privilege[7] andPetrine privilege,[8] but only for the sake of the higher good of the spiritual welfare of one of the parties.
The Church holds the exchange of consent between the spouses to be the indispensable element that "makes the marriage". The consent consists in a "human act by which the partners mutually give themselves to each other": "I take you to be my wife" – "I take you to be my husband." This consent that binds the spouses to each other finds its fulfillment in the two "becoming one flesh". If consent is lacking there is no marriage. The consent must be an act of the will of each of the contracting parties, free of coercion or grave external fear. No human power can substitute for this consent. If this freedom is lacking the marriage is invalid. For this reason (or for other reasons that render the marriage null and void) the Church, after an examination of the situation by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal, can declare the nullity of a marriage, i.e., that the marriage never existed. In this case the contracting parties are free to marry, provided the natural obligations of a previous union are discharged. –Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1626–1629
Although an annulment is thus a declaration that "the marriage never existed", the Church recognizes that the relationship was aputative marriage, which gives rise to "natural obligations". In canon law, children conceived or born of either a valid or a putative marriage are considered legitimate,[9] and illegitimate children are legitimized by a putative marriage of their parents, as by a valid marriage.[9]
Certain conditions are necessary for the marriage contract to be valid in canon law. Lack of any of these conditions makes a marriage invalid and constitutes legal grounds for a declaration of nullity. Accordingly, apart from the question of diriment impediments dealt with below, there is a fourfold classification of contractual defects: defect of form, defect of contract, defect of willingness, defect of capacity. For annulment, proof is required of the existence of one of these defects, since canon law presumes all marriages are valid until proven otherwise.[10]
Canon law stipulatescanonical impediments to marriage. A diriment impediment prevents a marriage from being validly contracted at all and renders the union a putative marriage, while aprohibitory impediment renders a marriagevalid but not licit. The union resulting is called a putative marriage. An invalid marriage may be subsequentlyconvalidated, either by simple convalidation (renewal of consent that replaces invalid consent) or bysanatio in radice ("healing in the root", the retroactive dispensation from a diriment impediment). Some impediments may be dispensed from, while thosede jure divino (of divine law) may not be dispensed.
In some countries, such asItaly, in which Catholic Church marriages are automatically transcribed to the civil records, a Church declaration of nullity may be granted theexequatur and treated as the equivalent of a civil divorce.
Annulments are granted by certainIndependent Catholic denominations, such as theEvangelical Catholic Church.[11]
TheChurch of England, themother church of the worldwideAnglican Communion, historically had the right to grant annulments, while divorces were "only available through an Act of Parliament."[12] Examples in which annulments were granted by the Anglican Church included being under age, having committed fraud, using force, and lunacy.[12]
CertainContinuing Anglican denominations, such as theAnglican Catholic Church, offer annulments, which are granted by thebishop.[13][14]
Methodist Theology Today, edited by Clive Marsh, states that:
when ministers say, "I pronounce you husband and wife," they not only announce the wedding—they create it by transforming the bride and groom into a married couple. Legally they are now husband and wife in society. Spiritually, from a sacramental point of view, they are joined together as one in the sight of God. A minute before they say their vows, either can call off the wedding. After they say it, the couple must go through a divorce or annulment to undo the marriage.[15]
Faskh means "to annul" inIslam.[3] It is aSharia-granted procedure to judicially rescind a marriage.[citation needed]
A man does not need grounds to divorce his wife in Islam. To divorce, he can simply invokeTalaq and part with thedower he gave her before marriage; alternatively, he can invoke theLian doctrine in case of adultery, either by bringing four witnesses who saw the wife committing adultery or by self-testifying and swearing by Allah four times. Sharia law then requires the court to grant the divorce requested by the man.Talaq is controversial, though it is a widely held belief, the Qu'ran insists counseling between two parties is necessary first before considering divorce when there is dissention/contention between spouses (Qu'ran4:35). The marriage contract clauses agreed upon must be honored when divorce is invoked.[3][16]
Also, Sharia does grant a Muslim woman simple ways to end her marital relationship and without declaring the reason.Faskh or (kholo) (annulment) doctrine specifies certain situations when a Sharia court can grant her request and annul the marriage.[3][not specific enough to verify]
Grounds for Faskh are:[3][17] (a) irregular marriage (fasid),[18] (b) forbidden marriage (batil),[19] (c) the marriage was contracted by non-Muslim husband who adopted Islamafter marriage,[citation needed][20] (d) the husband or wife became anapostate after marriage, (e) husband is unable to consummate the marriage. In each of these cases, the wife must provide four independent witnesses acceptable to theQadi (religious judge), who has the discretion to declare the evidence unacceptable.[16]
In SunniMaliki school of jurisprudence (fiqh), cruelty, disease, life-threatening ailment and desertion are additionalSharia approved grounds for the wife or the husband to seek annulment of the marriage.[3] In these cases too, the wife must provide two male witnesses or one male and two female witnesses or in some cases four witnesses,[17] acceptable to theQadi (religious judge), who has the discretion to declare the evidence unacceptable.[citation needed]
In certain circumstances, an unrelated Muslim can petition aQadi to void (faskh) the marriage of a Muslim couple who may not want the marriage to end. For example, in case the third party detects apostasy from Islam by either husband or wife (throughblasphemy, failure to respect Sharia, or conversion of husband or wife or both from Islam toChristianity, etc.).[17] In cases of apostasy, in addition to annulment of the marriage, the apostate may face additional penalties such as death sentence, imprisonment and civil penalties unless they repent and return to Islam.[21][not specific enough to verify]
Since 1975, Australian law provides only for void marriages. Before 1975, there were both void and voidable marriages. Today, under theFamily Law Act 1975 (Cth.) a decree of nullity can only be made if a marriage is void.[22]
A marriage is void if:[23][24][25]
England and Wales provides for both void and voidable marriages.[5]
Section 13 of theMatrimonial Causes Act 1973 provides for certain restrictions in regard to the possibility of annulling voidable marriages, including where the petitioner knew of the "defect" and of the possibility of annulment, but induced the respondent to believe that the petitioner would not seek an annulment; or where it would be "unjust" to the respondent to grant the decree of nullity. There is usually a time limit of three years from the date of the marriage in order to institute the proceedings.[26]
InFrance, a country ofRoman Catholic tradition, annulment features prominently in law, and can be obtained for many reasons. The law provides for both void and voidable marriages.[27] (see articles 180 to 202, and articles 144, 145, 146, 146–1, 147, 148, 161, 162, 163, and 164 of theFrench Civil Code)
Divorce is mostly not available as a legal method to dissolve marriage in thePhilippines. To most of the Filipino population, annulment is the only legal recourse to dissolve marital unions. Muslims who married under Islamic rites can divorce.
The annulment process and prerequisite under Philippine civil law are defined under theFamily Code of the Philippines.[28] Under Philippine civil law, "annulment" and "declaration of nullity" are legally distinct.
Annulments are considered valid until the point of termination, hence children conceived or born before termination are consideredlegitimate.[29]
This contrasts to a declaration of nullity, where a marital union is rendered avoid marriage or never valid from the beginning.[29][30]
Annulments granted by religious institutions including theRoman Catholic church, the majority Christian denomination in the Philippines, does not legally void marriages. Married couples still have to seek civil annulment.[28][31]
In the United States, the laws governing annulment are different in each state. Although the grounds for seeking an annulment differ, as can factors that may disqualify a person for an annulment, common grounds for annulment include the following:
For some grounds of annulment, such as concealment ofinfertility, if after discovering the potential basis for an annulment a couple continues to live together as a married couple, that reason may be deemed forgiven. For underage marriages, annulment must typically be sought while the underage spouse remains a minor, or shortly after that spouse reaches the age of majority, or the issue is deemed waived.[33]
InArizona, a "voidable" marriage is one in which there is "anundissolved prior marriage, one party beingunderage, ablood relationship, the absence of mental or physical capacity,intoxication, the absence of a validlicense,duress, refusal of intercourse, fraud, and misrepresentation as to religion."[34][35]
InIllinois, an annulment is a judicial determination that a valid marriage never existed. One of the parties must file with the court a petition for invalidity of marriage. There are four grounds for annulment in Illinois:
InNevada, annulment is available when: amarriage that was void at the time performed (such as blood relatives,bigamy), lackedconsent (such as,underage,intoxication,insanity), or is based on some kind ofdishonesty.[37]
A couple who was married in Nevada will qualify to file for annulment in that state, no matter where they live at the time of filing.[38] Those who were married outside Nevada must establish residency by living there for a minimum of six weeks before filing.[39]
New York law provides for:Incestuous and void marriages (DRL §5);Void marriages (DRL §6)Voidable marriages (DRL §7).[40]
Thecause of action for annulment of a voidable marriage inNew York State is generallyfraud (DRL §140 (e)). There are other arguments.[41] Fraud generally means the intentional deception of thePlaintiff by theDefendant in order to induce the Plaintiff to marry. The misrepresentation must be substantial in nature, and the Plaintiff's consent to the marriage predicated on the Defendant's statement. The perpetration of the fraud (prior to the marriage), and the discovery of the fraud (subsequent to the marriage) must be proven by corroboration of a witness or other external proof, even if the Defendant admits guilt (DRL §144). The time limit is three years (not one year). This does not run from the date of the marriage, but the date the fraud was discovered, or could reasonably have been discovered.[42]
Annulments may also be granted to a spouse under the age of 18, where marriage occurred without lawful parental consent or court approval, where a party lacked the mental capacity to consent to marriage, where one of the parties lacked the physical capacity to consummate the marriage and the other was not aware of that disability at the time of marriage, or for incurable mental illness for a period of five years or more.[43]
Abigamous marriage (one where one party was still married at the time of the second marriage) as well as anincestuous marriage isvoid ab initio (not legal from its inception). However, there is still the need for an "Action to Declare the Nullity of a Void Marriage" (DRL §140 (a)), upon which the Court, after proper pleadings, renders a judgment that the marriage is void. There may beeffects of marriage such as aproperty settlement and evenmaintenance if the court finds it equitable to order such relief.[44]
InWisconsin, the possible requirements for annulment include:bigamy,incest, or inducing the bride to be married under duress (seeShotgun marriage).[45] Marriages may also be nullified due to one or more of the parties being:underage,intoxicated, or being mentally unsound.[46]
Marriages may also be nullified due to fraud from one or more of three categories:defendant,marriage witness(es), ormarriage officiant. Any misrepresentation by those three parties, including but not limited to lying about: status as officiant, ability to perform the ceremony, age of the participants or witnesses, felony status or current marriage status of either member of the married couple can be grounds for an annulment on the basis offraud. Fraud in this cases is prosecuted under Wisconsin Law 943.39[47] as aClass H felony.
Henry VIII of England had three of his six marriages annulled.[48][49][50][51] These marriages were toCatherine of Aragon (on the grounds that she had already been married to his brother—although this annulment is not recognized by the Catholic Church);Anne Boleyn[51] (not wishing to execute his legal wife, he offered her an easy death if she would agree to an annulment); andAnne of Cleves[52] (on the grounds of non-consummation of the marriage and the fact that she had previously been engaged to someone else).Catherine Howard never had her marriage annulled. She had committed adultery withThomas Culpeper during the marriage, and she had flirted with members of his court. Because of this, on November 22, 1541, it was proclaimed at Hampton Court that she had "forfeited the honour and title of Queen," and was from then on to be known only as the Lady Catherine Howard. Under this title she was executed forhigh treason three months later.[53]
The grounds of annulment in regard to a voidable marriage, and indeed the concept of a voidable marriage itself, have become controversial in recent years. According to a paper inSingapore Academy of Law Journal:[54]
See paragraph 8.23."In English law a decree of nullity in respect of a voidable marriage now has prospective effect only. It operates "to annul the marriage only as respects any time after the decree has been made absolute, and the marriage shall, notwithstanding the decree, be treated as if it has existed up to that time.""
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