The settlement was founded by José de Escandon and Helguera,Count of Sierra Gorda, during his second campaign of the Pacification and Colonization Plan of the coast of the Mexican Seno, later calledNew Santander, todayTamaulipas.[3] TheSpanish settlement open to the plain to theEast and surrounded to the west by theSierra Madre Oriental, a strategic location that also received breezes from the north and east.[3] The town was administered by Captain D. Juan de Astigárraga, who drew up and carried out the first irrigation works. His work led to an increase in agriculture and, subsequently, a rapid rise in population.[3]
Inreligious matters, the settlement was under the command of aFranciscan named Antonio Javier de Aréchaga, who was also in charge of the mission ofSan Felipe, which was founded with 150indigenous people. ThatCatholicmission progressed more than those previously founded, because in the lands that were designated, they were opened by localNative Americans.[3]
Captain Astigárraga died three years after the Villa de Agüayo was founded, and Escandon then conferred the appointment of captain to replace him in the command, Don Miguel de Córdoba.[3]
Under the administration of the new captain, the Villa de Agüayo continued to progress, and when its statistics were formed in 1757, the settlement had in its farmhouse and estates located in its demarcation more than 1000 inhabitants who had 8600 heads of cattle and horses, and 4100 of smaller cattle.[3]
Thenoble andmilitary ofBelgian descent, José de Craywinckel, when he visited the settlement, proposed to the Viceroy the reactivation of the Olazarán mine, which was abandoned in the Boca de Caballeros, since this measure would tend to give the settlement greater impetus in its prosperity, creating new interests and attracting newneighbours by this means, it being possible to expect that Villa de Aguayo would soon become one of the main populations of the new colony.[3]
The nobleman also proposed to theViceroy at that time, to undertake a campaign against rebellious Native Americans of the Síghue, who had theirrancherías by the ravines and valleys of theSierra Madre and in defines of their land harassed the shepherds and estates of the demarcation of Aguayo, arriving in his raids to join with theJanambre people in the attacks they undertook against the nearby Spanish settlements ofJaumave andLlera.[3]
By this date some masonry houses were begun to be built in Aguayo, the materials for the construction of a Catholic church were gathered and large sugarcaneplantations were established in the surrounding lands. The neighbourhood of this town also carried out the salt trade that was going to be collected from thesaltworks of San Fernando and la Marina, with the villages of the interior of Charcas and the southern part of theNew Kingdom of León.[3]
The Spanish settlement of Villa de Aguayo was distributed in perfectgrid form, and in its second settlement a few leagues east of its foundation, changing by the constant claim of the Native American tribes of Janambres and Pisones. The settlement was from the beginning the geographical central node communicating with all the settlements of New Santander.[3]
As was the Spanish provision, land was designated for the construction of the Catholic Church, the Public Square, the seat of the Captaincy of the Civil - Military andTrade Authority, spaces that over time are known as the Historical Centre, formerly known as Plaza "Hidalgo", "Plaza de Armas" or "Plaza de Catedral". The settlement was dispersed and composed of 58 families with 409 people.[3]
The river that crossed the settlement is the so-called San Marcos, which has an irrigation ditch, whose abundance of water gave the population all the irrigation it needs for the subsistence of its inhabitants, irrigation of plots and other sowing ofcorn, fostering also the cultivation of thecane. The quality of the land was adequate for all fruits typical of theregion and facilitated the breeding and conservation oflivestock.[3]
Its location was one of the most advantageous in favour of theRoyal Treasury, both for being the first transit of the colony, and because itscrops and livestock promise great movement, evidencing its growth at the beginning of its founding, which was 11 families.[3]
The new populations that Escandon developed in the territory that is now known as Tamaulipas, called in the eighteenth-century New Santander, are based on ideas that have as a reference a way of exercising control over thedevelopment of the city and the territory, through itseconomic production. The direct consequences of this form ofurban design marked in New Spain the opening to a new way of consolidating a border territory.[3]
José de Escandon y Helguera, developed cattleranching extensively and in a limited wayagriculture, since for the most part "temporary" was practiced, andcommerce also developed. The colonized territory was integrated and populated up to theRio Grande, configuring the map of what is now Tamaulipas.[3]
In addition, Escandon proposed the strategic location arrangements between each new population, a day away, which would facilitate that in cases of reoccurrence of attacks by the natives, could support each other. These are the characteristics that made the colonization of the New Santander transcendent; Although the reality did not always reflect the initial spirit of colonization, the model developed by José de Escandon proposed a new form of territorial occupation that had not been seen until the 18th century in New Spain.[3]
Casa de los Hermanos Filizola, restored to inhabit the Pinacoteca Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
Sale of flags in the month of September in the Plaza Juarez of Ciudad Victoria
In 1846, in theMexican–American War, Ciudad Victoria was occupied on December 25 by troops from the United States and was liberated at the end of the war.[8] In 1898,PresidentPorfirio Díaz sponsored the operation of the urban animal-drawnrailroad that ran down Hidalgo Street to the Train Station, and a branch to the Hacienda de Tamatán, properties of Colonel Manuel González Jr. and that same year the Paseo Méndez was founded, inspired byParisian streetChamps-Élysées.
Government complex built at the end of the 20th century
The city began its industrial transformation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the administration of GuadalupeMainero Juárez which attractedinvestments andimprovements to the city.[9]
On September 15, 1910, the monument to the Heroes ofIndependence was inaugurated, in the "Plaza Colón" in front of the railway station "La Recoletta". In 1917 GeneralAlberto Carrera Torres was shot at the wall of the MunicipalPantheon, having been tried by anillegalWar Council; he is buried in theFrench Pantheon. In 1923 General César López de Lara took thegovernorship of the state of Tamaulipas.[10]
In 1951 the newGovernment Palace was inaugurated, built in the building where the OldTheatre "Casino" or "Juárez" was, the new "Juárez" theatre was inaugurated in 1957; The government tower known as "Crystal Tower" exists in the capital since 1980.[15]
In 2010, the Governmental Complex "Bicentennial Park" came into operation, which today concentrates most of thegovernmentapparatus of the state of Tamaulipas. In 2016, the restoration of the old Casa Filizola, now the Pinacoteca Tamaulipas[17] and the main railway station of the capital, began.[13]
Thecoat of arms was created on December 18, 1971, at the initiative of Professor Vidal Martínez.[18] The coat of arms has the following characteristics: On the side the map of the state that represents that Victoria is thecapital, thebalance, thesword and theparchment represent thethree powers; the book symbolizeseducation and thetorch the light offreedom, the date is the historical antecedent of the foundation, the landscape symbolizes thegeographic environment of theregion upon the arrival of thefounders,henequen plants represent agricultural production.[18]
The municipality was recognized as the official capital of thestate of Tamaulipas, and named Ciudad Victoria in 1825, and the head of the municipality of Victoria is finally assigned the seat of theLegislative,Executive andJudicialpowers.[3]
According to theNational Electoral Institute (INE) and the State Electoral Institute of Tamaulipas (IEETAM), thevoterregistry is: 252,852 inhabitants,[23] belongs to the 15th electoral district of the state[24] and fifth federally of the state ofTamaulipas.[23]
According to theNational Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), in thePopulation andHousing Count conducted in 2010, Ciudad Victoria had until that year a population of 446,029 inhabitants of which: 264,801 are women and 157,152 are men.[25] The municipality of Victoria concentrates 94.7% of the population in itsmunicipal seat, the rest is considered rural[26] and has experienced agrowth rate of 2.04%.[26]
In 2010, CONAPO estimated, based on INEGI, a level ofmarginalization of 36.7% as very low, 25% low level and from 1.3% to 0.3% with levels between high and veryhigh marginalization.[27]
Marginalized area of Ciudad Victoria
According to the INEGIintercensal survey, in 2015, 52% of the population of Ciudad Victoria were women and thepopulation density was 211 people per square kilometre.[26]
Ciudad Victoria has a wide range ofeducational institutions, from preschool to graduate level. The level ofilliteracy has dropped and the level of education at the top level is 3.7% of the population.[26]
In the city there are 57 special education schools;basic education includes 46 pre-school schools, 168 pre-schools, 175 primary schools, 55 secondary schools; the upper middle level has 46 baccalaureates and 3 middle level professionals. There are 37higher education institutions, including educational training centres such as ITACE and several special education schools.[30]
Gymnasium of La Salle University
The BPCE library "Marte R. Gómez" is the most well-knownlibrary in the centre of the city. The state capital has several libraries, among which are: The Adaberto J. Arguelles Municipal Public Library and Ernesto Higuera, the Public Library Tamaulipas Municipal Cultural Centre, the Municipal Public Library Youth Coexistence Centre 2, the Municipal Public Library of Ciudad Victoria, the Municipal Public Library FOVISSSTE-SEP, in addition to the Municipal Public Library Tamaulipas Regional History Museum and the Paul Harris Municipal Public Library.[31][32]
The city is the main headquarters of theAutonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), founded in 1950, a public institution with more than 40,000 students in upper secondary, higher and postgraduate levels.[5]
Among the schools of teacher training has: The Benemérita Normalized Federalized School of Tamaulipas (BENFT), the Normal School of Tamaulipas (ESNT) and the Normal School of Educators (ENFE).[37]
Other institutions of higher education are: The University of the Valley of Mexico (UVM), the Vizacaya University of the Americas, are universities in the private sector. There are also the Institute of Sciences and Higher Studies of Tamaulipas (ICEST), the National Pedagogical University (Mexico) (UPN), the University of North Tamaulipas (UNT), the Centre for University Studies (CEU).[38]
The Miguel Aleman University is aprivate institution ofsuperior and middle level that was established in the state capital in September 2005 after twenty-five years since its founding in 1981, ofphilanthropic andhumanitarian principles offering university studies in accounting, economic areas, social, and educational.[30]
The main avenues and most of the traffic are Av. Alberto Carrera Torres,Francisco I. Madero Ave.,Emilio Portes Gil Boulevard, Blvr.Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Rotaria, Av. Carlos Adrián Aviles, Calzada Gral. Luis Caballero, Práxedis Balboa Boulevard, as well as the road toSoto la Marina. The federal highways Mexico 81 and Mexico 80 connect withAltamira,Tampico andMadero. The city also haspedestrian bridges, six bridges for cars that cross the San Marcos River and a road hump to the west of the city.[26][40]
The written or printed press is covered by some local and regional media such as: The Journal of Ciudad Victoria, which registered an average circulation of 14,270 daily copies in 2014. The “Mercurio” of Tamaulipas, anewspaper that sold an average circulation in 2014 of 19,615 daily copies and 21,286 copies.[43][44]
Recreative zone inside Sporting Unit Siglo XXI in Ciudad Victoria
A zoo that has areas dedicated to the species of the animal world. With a variety of species and even educational talks, it is an important part of tourism in the capital, a zoo designed to encourageconservation andrespect for nature. Organized in 5 regions, it presents the different species in open spaces. Surrounded by a naturalistic environment, withvegetation, rocks and waterfalls.[8]
The park offers variousoutdoor activities. A space of green areas and bodies of water, playgrounds and restaurant; located in lands of the ex-hacienda Tamatán.[8]
Located in thefoothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, in theEjido La Libertad, it is a tourist andecological centre. It is a recreational park surrounded by vegetation with astream, waterfalls andflora andfauna. It is equipped withgrills,gardens and children's games.[8]
In 1992, thePlanetarium of Ciudad Victoria was inaugurated, one of the scientific and technological spreading centres in the North and Northeast of theFederal Republic; projectsdocumentaries andscientific talks to the public. He was assigned the name "Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal ", Tamaulipasscientist, from January 30, 1998.[8]
It is acultural space that houses apublic library, the Amalia G. de Castillo Ledontheatre, acinema and severalauditoriums for exhibitions and presentations of cultural and artistic activities such as dance, music presentations, sculpture, painting, literature and theatre.[8]
The Museum of Natural History of Tamaulipas, also known as "TAMUX", began activities in February 2004, dedicated to scientific dissemination, nature, space and promoting culture in favour ofbiodiversity. When the museum was founded, the planetarium of Ciudad Victoria "Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal ", in operation since 1992, became part of it. The name of the museum, "TAMUX", is aHuastec word that means "meeting point". In addition to the thematic rooms, it has been the venue for the presentation of scientific conferences and videos; room for temporary exhibitions, for plastic and scientific exhibitions; and an open-air theatre (acoustic shell).[8]
The construction of the Former Vicentino Asylum, today Tamaulipas Regional Museum of History, was initiated at the end of the 19th century when Governor of the State of Tamaulipas Lic. Guadalupe Mainero, at the request of Mr. Filemón Fierro Terán, ThirdBishop of the Diocese of Tamaulipas. As of February 12, 2003, this museum began operations offering visitors a sample of the state's cultural heritage. It has hosted many national and international exhibitions.[8]
The House of Art began its construction in 1911, where it was installed what was the Normal School for Teachers attached and kindergarten. In 1962 the Institute of Youth and Women was created, in 1974 it was called the Tamaulipas Institute of Fine Arts.
In 1980 it takes the name of Tamaulipas Institute for Culture and the Arts. In 2011, it became an administrative unit under the ITCA, providingcourses andworkshops for various culturaldisciplines that allow students to developartistic skills, promote and disseminate cultural activities in the community. Now the disciplines of music, dance, plastic arts and literature and theatre are taught.[8]
Atheatre that houses the Institute of Historical Research under the administration of theAutonomous University of Tamaulipas. It was inaugurated on January 5, 1957, by PresidentAdolfo Ruiz Cortines as Governor Horacio Terán Zumaya. The building encloses a mural by theTampico painter Alfonso Xavier Peña.[8]
During the month of October, the state of Tamaulipas celebrates the Tamaulipas International Festival in each of its municipalities. In this festival musical and cultural events are held, such as concerts by artists such as: opera, plays, etc.[8]
The city has a family and cultural space called Libre 17, which corresponds to the closing on Sundays of Avenida Francisco I. Madero street in the centre of the city, where local families and tourists can walk on foot, bicycle, and witness musical and cultural events.[8]
The park is an area that concentrates the offices of the government of the state, the fairground that consists of the land of the fair, the centre of spectacles and the Polyforum.[8]
It is a cultural event held annually in the capital, where in addition to the classic mechanical games, it has the presence of stands of all municipalities of the state of Tamaulipas, exhibiting their culture and cuisine and usually have a state of the federation guest; It has events such as concerts held by national artists.
The centre of spectacles that is inside the fairground of the Bicentennial Park, was inaugurated on November 14, 2008. And there have been several artists, bands and national groups.[8]
It is a convention centre that was originally called "Polyforum Victoria", and it is in the Bicentennial Park and was inaugurated in December 2009; its interior can be divided into several independent rooms and has the capacity to comfortably accommodate 5,000 people with 12 250m² of construction with a main hall of 5000m².[8]
The Municipal Commission forDrinking Water andSewerage of Ciudad Victoria (COMAPA), is apublic body of theMunicipal Administration that providesservices to the city; among its attributions are those of: planning, programming, studying, projecting, budgeting, constructing, rehabilitating, expanding, operating, managing, conserving and improving potable water and sewage systems, as well as the treatment ofwastewater and the rejection of According to COMAPA, there is 90.90% of domestic use (residential houses and residential areas), 7.32% of commercial use (businesses and self-service stores), 1.38% of public use (green areas, plazas, etc.) and a 0.40% for industrial use, with an installed treatment capacity of 1,100 litres per second, and an annual treatment volume of 25, 179, 604 cubic meters.[45]
The state capital has 97.50% of its population with access toelectricity, being almost on par with the national average in the area. The street lighting network comprises a total of 29, 100 luminaries (as of October 2016) of which only 10, 800 are in operation, the rest are out of service. The service oversees theFederal Electricity Commission (CFE) Gulf Centre Division.[45]
The collection ofgarbage in the capital is covered by several routes that cover the city, it is a service provided by the municipality, there are no concession services, it is estimated that the total average garbage generated per day is 370 tons (to October 2016), despite this, the daily collection capacity is 200 tons.[46]
Health coverage is covered by state institutions, Popular Insurance and Mexican Social Security Institute. It is the second city in the state in medical care by inhabitants, and the population that does not have immediate access to health services is 11.8%. The state of Tamaulipas has health services, both public and private, among which are:
Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata General Hospital
General Victoria Hospital. Provides health services in the downtown area of Tamaulipas and medical care around Sanitary Jurisdiction No. 1; Children's Hospital of Ciudad Victoria; Victoria Civil Hospital; High Specialty Regional Hospital of Ciudad Victoria; which provides professional, surgical and nursing services in several specialties; La Salle Hospital Ciudad Victoria; North Medical Clinic; Clinic Hospital of theInstitute of Security and Social Services of State Workers; General Hospital of Zone No. 1 (IMSS) Medical Educational Unit of "Adolfo López Mateos"; Family Medicine Unit No. 67 (IMSS) San Luisito.[47][48]
In Ciudad Victoria there is a varied sporting activity; In the field of professionalfootball, the team of theCorrecaminos of theAutonomous University of Tamaulipas stands out and carries out its official matches at theMarte R. Gómez Stadium, located in the city centre, with a capacity to house 13,500 people and the University Stadium Eugenio Alvizo Porras, located in the Victoria University Centre of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas.
Ciudad Victoria has a climate on the border ofhumid subtropical (KöppenCfa/Cwa) andhot semi-arid (BSh). Its weather is characterised by short warm winters and long hot to sweltering summers. Temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) — the lowest recorded temperature was −6 °C (21.2 °F) and the hottest was 48.5 °C (119.3 °F), one of the highest temperatures ever recorded in Mexico. The average annual rainfall is 740 millimetres or 29 inches, of which five-sixths (617 millimetres or 24.3 inches) falls between May and October, although there is a drying trend in the months of July and August. The moderate elevation adds to overall rainfall pattern, which is also influenced by exceptionally heavy rains brought by occasionalNorth Atlantic tropical cyclones.
The strategic alliances that are built with cities in the country and the United States contribute to the economic development of the capital, including twinning of the following:
^Calendario Cívico de Ciudad Victoria. Gobierno Local de Ciudad Victoria.
^Lopez Anaya, Miguel (1987).Gral. Alberto Carrera Torres (in Spanish). Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas: Gobierno del Estado de Tamaulipas, Dirección General de Educación y Cultura.ISBN9684230559.OCLC22334339.
