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City status in Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Administrative division of Indonesia

This article is part of a series on
Subdivisions of Indonesia
Level 1
  • Provinces (provinsi ordaerah istimewa ordaerah khusus)
(GDP;GDP per capita;HDI;poverty rate);Island population)
Level 2
(full list;cities by GDP;regencies by GDP;cities by population;regencies by population)
Level 3
(kecamatan,distrik,kapanewon, orkemantren)
Level 4
(desa orkelurahan)
Others

InIndonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-leveladministrative subdivision of theRepublic of Indonesia, an equivalent toregency (kabupaten). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a denseurban population, while a regency comprises predominantlyrural areas and is larger in area than a city.[1] However,Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.

According toKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the official dictionary of theIndonesian language, a city (kota) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture."[2]

Cities are divided intodistricts (Kecamatan,Distrik inPapua region,[3][4] orKemantren inYogyakarta).

Historical classification

[edit]
Buitenzorg was grantedcity status (gemeente) by the government of theDutch East Indies on 1 April 1905[5]

Gemeente

[edit]

During theDutch East Indies period, a city was governed asgemeente, ormunicipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903. Thegemeente was a third-level subdivision, belowresidentie (residency) andgouvernement (governorate) orprovincie (province).[6]

Kota besar andkota kecil

[edit]

The termskota besar (big city), andkota kecil (small city ortown), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948.Kota Besar was an urban equivalent ofkabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just belowprovince.Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.[7]

Kotaraya,kotamadya, andkotapraja

[edit]
City classification in Indonesia
during 1965–1974
City typeSubdivision levelEquivalence
KotarayaFirst-levelProvince
KotamadyaSecond-levelRegency
KotaprajaThird-levelDistricts

According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three:kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision),kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), andkotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision).Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province,kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, whilekotapraja is an equivalent ofkecamatan (districts).Jakarta was the only city granted thekotaraya status, due to its function as thecapital of Indonesia.[8]

The termskotaraya andkotapraja had been abolished since 1974, andkotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to be the only urban area with a province status.[9]

Kota

[edit]
Further information:List of regencies and cities in Indonesia

The termkota (city) has been implemented to substitutekotamadya since thepost-Suharto era in Indonesia.[10]Kota is headed by amayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Eachkota is divided further intodistricts, more commonly known askecamatan.

Jakarta as a city

[edit]
Jakarta City Hall, the seat of thegovernor of Jakarta

Jakarta, then known asBatavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by theDutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of theDutch East Indies.[11] Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province ofWest Java. With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia.[12] Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city.[13][14][15][16] TheUnited Nations (UN) classifiesJakarta as a 'city' on itsstatistical database.[17]

The Special Region of Jakarta consists offive 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'. Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are notself-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not havecity councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by theGovernor of Jakarta without any publicelection. Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management".[18]Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status."[19] Unlike the other 37 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office' (Kantor Gubernur), the governor of Jakarta works in acity hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta).[20]

List of cities by date of incorporation

[edit]
CityDate incorporatedFirst city statusPresent-day province
Jakarta[a]4 March 1621[11]StadSpecial Region of Jakarta
Bogor[b]1 April 1905[5]GemeenteWest Java
Bandung1 April 1906[21]GemeenteWest Java
Blitar1 April 1906[22]GemeenteEast Java
Cirebon1 April 1906[23]GemeenteWest Java
Kediri1 April 1906[24]GemeenteEast Java
Makassar1 April 1906[25]GemeenteSouth Sulawesi
Magelang1 April 1906[26]GemeenteCentral Java
Padang1 April 1906[27]GemeenteWest Sumatra
Palembang1 April 1906[28]GemeenteSouth Sumatra
Pekalongan1 April 1906[29]GemeenteCentral Java
Semarang1 April 1906[30]GemeenteCentral Java
Surabaya1 April 1906[31]GemeenteEast Java
Tegal1 April 1906[32]GemeenteCentral Java
Medan1 April 1909[33]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Malang1 April 1914[34]GemeenteEast Java
Sukabumi1 April 1914[35]GemeenteWest Java
Binjai1 July 1917[36]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Pematang Siantar1 July 1917[36][37]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Tanjung Balai1 July 1917[36]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Tebing Tinggi1 July 1917[36]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Salatiga1 July 1917[38]GemeenteCentral Java
Madiun20 June 1918[39][37]GemeenteEast Java
Mojokerto20 June 1918[40][37]GemeenteEast Java
Pasuruan20 June 1918[41][37]GemeenteEast Java
Bukittinggi[c]1 July 1918[37]GemeenteWest Sumatra
Probolinggo1 July 1918[42][37]GemeenteEast Java
Sawahlunto1 July 1918[43][37]GemeenteWest Sumatra
Banjarmasin1 July 1919[44]GemeenteSouth Kalimantan
Manado1 July 1919[45][37]GemeenteNorth Sulawesi
Banda Aceh[d]17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BAceh
Bengkulu17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BBengkulu
Jambi17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BJambi
Pangkal Pinang17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BBangka Belitung Islands
Pekanbaru17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BRiau
Sibolga17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BNorth Sumatra
Bandar Lampung[e]17 May 1946[46]Kota otonom BLampung
Pontianak14 August 1946[47]Landschaps-gemeenteWest Kalimantan
Surakarta5 June 1947[48]Haminte KotaCentral Java
Yogyakarta8 June 1947[49]Haminte KotaSpecial Region of Yogyakarta
Padang Panjang23 March 1956[50]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Payakumbuh23 March 1956[50]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Solok23 March 1956[50]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Balikpapan4 July 1959[47]Kotapraja (2nd-level)East Kalimantan
Palangka Raya17 July 1957[51]Kotapraja (2nd-level)Central Kalimantan
Gorontalo4 July 1959[52]Kotapraja (2nd-level)Gorontalo
Ambon31 July 1958[53]Kotapraja (2nd-level)Maluku
Parepare4 July 1959[52]Kotapraja (2nd-level)South Sulawesi
Samarinda4 July 1959[47]Kotapraja (2nd-level)East Kalimantan
Sabang14 June 1965[54]Kotapraja (2nd-level)Aceh
Batam7 December 1983[55]KotamadyaRiau Islands
Bitung15 August 1990[56]KotamadyaNorth Sulawesi
Denpasar15 January 1992[57]KotamadyaBali
Tangerang27 February 1993[58]KotamadyaBanten
Mataram26 July 1993[59]KotamadyaWest Nusa Tenggara
Jayapura2 August 1993[60]KotamadyaPapua
Palu22 July 1994[61]KotamadyaCentral Sulawesi
Kendari3 August 1995[62]KotamadyaSoutheast Sulawesi
Kupang11 April 1996[63]KotamadyaEast Nusa Tenggara
Bekasi16 December 1996[64]KotamadyaWest Java
Tarakan8 October 1997[65]KotamadyaNorth Kalimantan
Banjarbaru20 April 1999[66]KotamadyaSouth Kalimantan
Cilegon20 April 1999[67]KotamadyaBanten
Depok20 April 1999[67]KotamadyaWest Java
Dumai20 April 1999[68]KotamadyaRiau
Metro20 April 1999[69]KotamadyaLampung
Ternate20 April 1999[70]KotamadyaNorth Maluku
Bontang4 October 1999[71]KotaEast Kalimantan
Sorong4 October 1999[72]KotaWest Papua
Batu21 June 2001[73]KotaEast Java
Baubau21 June 2001[74]KotaSoutheast Sulawesi
Cimahi21 June 2001[75]KotaWest Java
Langsa21 June 2001[76]KotaAceh
Lhokseumawe21 June 2001[77]KotaAceh
Lubuklinggau21 June 2001[78]KotaSouth Sumatra
Padang Sidempuan21 June 2001[79]KotaNorth Sumatra
Pagar Alam21 June 2001[80]KotaSouth Sumatra
Prabumulih21 June 2001[81]KotaSouth Sumatra
Singkawang21 June 2001[82]KotaWest Kalimantan
Tanjung Pinang21 June 2001[83]KotaRiau Islands
Tasikmalaya21 June 2001[84]KotaWest Java
Banjar11 December 2002[85]KotaWest Java
Bima10 April 2002[86]KotaWest Nusa Tenggara
Palopo10 April 2002[87]KotaSouth Sulawesi
Pariaman10 April 2002[88]KotaWest Sumatra
Tidore25 February 2003[89]KotaNorth Maluku
Tomohon25 February 2003[90]KotaNorth Sulawesi
Kotamobagu2 January 2007[91]KotaNorth Sulawesi
Subulussalam2 January 2007[92]KotaAceh
Serang10 August 2007[93]KotaBanten
Tual10 August 2007[94]KotaMaluku
Sungai Penuh21 July 2008[95]KotaJambi
Gunungsitoli26 November 2008[96]KotaNorth Sumatra
South Tangerang26 November 2008[97]KotaBanten
Notes

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCities in Indonesia.

References

[edit]
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  87. ^Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Mamasa Dan Kota Palopo Di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Law 11) (in Indonesian). 2002.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  88. ^Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Pariaman Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat (Law 12) (in Indonesian). 2002.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  89. ^Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 2003 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, Kabupaten Sula, Kabupaten Halmahera Timur, dan Kabu-paten Kota Tidore Kepulauan di Provinsi Maluku Utara (Law 1) (in Indonesian). 2003.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  90. ^Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan dan Kota Tomohon di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (Law 10) (in Indonesian). 2002.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  91. ^Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Kotamobagu di Provinsi Sulawesi utara (Law 4) (in Indonesian). 2007.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  92. ^Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Subulussalam di Provinsi Naggroe Aceh Darussalam (Law 8) (in Indonesian). 2007.Archived 2 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  93. ^Undang-undang Nomor 32 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Serang Di Provinsi Banten (Law 32) (in Indonesian). 2007.Archived 2 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  94. ^Undang-undang Nomor 31 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tual di Provinsi Maluku (Law 31) (in Indonesian). 2007.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  95. ^Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Sungai Penuh Di Provinsi Jambi (Law 25) (in Indonesian). 2008.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  96. ^Undang-undang Nomor 47 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Gunungsitoli Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (Law 47) (in Indonesian). 2008.Archived 4 November 2021 at theWayback Machine
  97. ^Undang-undang Nomor 51 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tangerang Selatan Di Provinsi Banten (Law 51) (in Indonesian). 2008.Archived 2 November 2021 at theWayback Machine


2,000,000 and above
1,000,000–1,999,999
500,000–999,999
300,000–499,999
200,000–299,999
Note:Bold indicates provincial capital
Sumatra
Java
Kalimantan
Lesser Sunda
Sulawesi
Maluku
Papua
Former provincial capitals
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