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Citrobacter

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of bacteria

Citrobacter
"Citrobacter freundii"
Citrobacter freundii
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Bacteria
Kingdom:Pseudomonadati
Phylum:Pseudomonadota
Class:Gammaproteobacteria
Order:Enterobacterales
Family:Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:Citrobacter
Werkman and Gillen, 1932
Species

Citrobacter is agenus ofGram-negative,aerobic,rod-shaped[2]coliformbacteria of theEnterobacteriaceaefamily.

Citrobacter spp. cause opportunistic infections (includingurinary tract infections,gastroenteritis, and bacteremia).[2]

Microbiology

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Microbial biochemistry

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ThespeciesC. amalonaticus,C. koseri, andC. freundii can usecitrate as a solecarbon source.Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to converttryptophan toindole (C. koseri is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), fermentlactose (C. koseri is a lactose fermentor), and usemalonate.[3]

Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulateuranium by building phosphate complexes.[4]

Environmental microbiology

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These bacteria can be found almost everywhere insoil,water,wastewater, etc. They can also be found in thehumanintestine.[5][6]

Clinical significance

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Citrobacter are considered opportunisticnosocomial pathogens, typically associated withurinary tract infections andinfantmeningitis andsepsis.[7]

Antimicrobial resistance

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Citrobacter freundii strains have inducibleampC genes encoding resistance toampicillin and first-generationcephalosporins.[8] In addition, isolates ofCitrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.[7]

References

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  1. ^abcParte, A.C."Citrobacter".LPSN. Retrieved18 October 2018.
  2. ^ab"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine" [Medical Dictionary of the Academy of Medicine].www.academie-medecine.fr (in French). Retrieved2024-01-13.
  3. ^Lipsky, Benjamin A.; Hook III, Edward W.; Smith, Arlene A.; Plorde, James J. (1980). "Citrobacter Infections in Humans: Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a Review of the Literature".Clinical Infectious Diseases.2 (5):746–760.doi:10.1093/clinids/2.5.746.ISSN 1058-4838.PMID 6763304.
  4. ^Macaskie, Lynne E.; Empson, Ruth M.; Cheetham, Anthony K.; Grey, Clare P.; Skarnulis, A. Jerome (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by aCitrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4".Science.257 (5071):782–784.Bibcode:1992Sci...257..782M.doi:10.1126/science.1496397.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 1496397.
  5. ^Drelichman, Vilma; Band, Jeffrey D. (1985). "Bacteremias due toCitrobacter diversus andCitrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome".Archives of Internal Medicine.145 (10):1808–1810.doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808.PMID 3899035.
  6. ^Badger, Julie D.; M.F. Stins, Monique F.; Kim, Kwang Sik (1999)."Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells".Infection and Immunity.67 (8):4208–4215.PMC 96726.PMID 10417193.
  7. ^abJabeen, Ishrat; Islam, Sohidul; Hassan, A. K. M. Imrul; Tasnim, Zerin; Shuvo, Sabbir R. (2023)."A brief insight intoCitrobacter species–a growing threat to public health".Frontiers in Antibiotics.2.doi:10.3389/frabi.2023.1276982/full.ISSN 2813-2467.
  8. ^Meini, Simone; Tascini, Carlo; Cei, Marco; Sozio, Emanuela; Rossolini, Gian Maria (2019). "AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: what a clinician should know".Infection.47 (3):363–375.doi:10.1007/s15010-019-01291-9.ISSN 1439-0973.

External links

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Citrobacter
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