| "Circles" | |
|---|---|
 Face label for song's appearance asB-side of 1983 US single | |
| Song byGeorge Harrison | |
| from the albumGone Troppo | |
| Released | 5 November 1982 |
| Genre | Hindustaniblues |
| Length | 3:46 |
| Label | Dark Horse |
| Songwriter | George Harrison |
| Producers | George Harrison,Ray Cooper,Phil McDonald |
| Gone Troppotrack listing | |
10 tracks
| |
"Circles" is a song by the English rock musicianGeorge Harrison, released as the final track of his 1982 albumGone Troppo. Harrison wrote the song in India in 1968 while he andthe Beatles were studyingTranscendental Meditation withMaharishi Mahesh Yogi. The theme of the lyrics isreincarnation. The composition reflects the cyclical aspect of human existence as, according toHindu doctrine, the soul continues to pass from one life to the next. Although the Beatles never formally recorded it, "Circles" was among thedemos the group made at Harrison'sEsher home,Kinfauns, in May 1968, while considering material for their double albumThe Beatles.
Harrison revisited "Circles" during the sessions for his 1979 albumGeorge Harrison before he finally recorded it forGone Troppo. Over this period, Harrison had softened the spiritual message in his work and had also begun to forgo the music business for a career as a film producer with his companyHandMade Films. The song was produced by Harrison,Ray Cooper and former Beatles engineerPhil McDonald, with recording taking place at Harrison'sFriar Park studio between May and August 1982. The track features extensive use of keyboards and synthesizer, withBilly Preston,Jon Lord andMike Moran among the contributing musicians.
A slow, meditative song, "Circles" has received a varied response from reviewers. While some find it overly gloomy, others recognise the track as a highlight of a generally overlooked album. In the United States, it was issued as theB-side of the album's second single, "I Really Love You", in February 1983. As the closing track onGone Troppo, "Circles" was the last song heard on a new Harrison album until 1987, when he returned withCloud Nine. In November 2018, the Esher demo of "Circles" was officially released on the 50th anniversary edition ofThe Beatles.
"Circles" was one of several songs thatGeorge Harrison wrote inRishikesh, India,[1][2] when he and hisBeatles bandmates were attendingMaharishi Mahesh Yogi'sTranscendental Meditation course in the spring of 1968.[3][4] Aside from providing an opportunity to progress with meditation,[5] the two-month stay marked the start of Harrison's return to the guitar after two years of studying the Indiansitar, partly under the tutelage ofRavi Shankar.[6] During those years, according to Harrison, he only played guitar while working with the Beatles.[7][nb 1] Harrison biographer Simon Leng considers that "Circles" was composed on anorgan, however, as most of Harrison'sIndian-inspired melodies since 1966 had been – among them, "Within You Without You", "Blue Jay Way" and parts of hisWonderwall Music soundtrack album.[11] Leng writes of "fugue-like keyboard parts" on the song and "bass figures" that partly recall the works ofJohann Sebastian Bach.[12]
The song's lyrical theme isreincarnation, in keeping with Harrison's immersion inHindu philosophy.[13] This preoccupation had led the Beatles to the Maharishi's teachings[14][15] and soon resulted in Harrison's introduction to theHare Krishna movement in December 1968.[16][17] TheologianDale Allison highlights "Circles" as the only Harrison song to use the term "reincarnate", and he also comments on the composer's use of the word "soul" "in its proper metaphysical sense".[18][nb 2] Harrison also quotes from the Chinese philosopher and authorLao-Tse,[21] whose workTao Te Ching inspired his 1968 composition "The Inner Light", which was released as theB-side of the Beatles' "Lady Madonna" single while the band were away in Rishikesh.[22][23][nb 3] The lyrics to "Circles" were incomplete when Harrison first taped ademo of the song.[30][31] He added further verses before making the official recording, as a solo artist, in 1982.[32]
According to musicologistWalter Everett, the musical aspects of the 1968 version of "Circles" include a "singularly expressive common-tonemodulation" over asemitone descent from the chord of C minor to B minor.[33] Harrison changed thekey for the official recording,[33] where the song is played in the key ofF major.[34] In this final form, the structure comprises two verses and a chorus (or "bridge", as Harrison terms it on his handwritten manuscript); a repeat of this combination, with an instrumental passage over the second section of verse; and two further verses, followed by an extended instrumental passage.[35]
The composition is based on a six-bar chord pattern that produces a circuitous effect due to the lack ofresolution at the end of the sequence.[36] Leng views the "chromatic melodic web" of "Circles" as appropriate for conveying the "repetition and entrapment" of reincarnation, as the soul passes through one human life to another. He says that the melody "yearn[s] for resolution in E minor … revolving indissonance like a lost soul awaiting its place in the reincarnation checkout line".[34][nb 4] Author Ian Inglis writes that, musically and lyrically, "Circles" "displays a direct connection with the unspokenpsychedelia" of Harrison's Beatles tracks "Blue Jay Way" and "Long, Long, Long".[21]
Allison describes the lyrics as "a clear statement of reincarnation", as well as "the most blatant example" of Harrison's desire to pass on to a "'higher' and better world" at death, and so escape the cycle of rebirth in the material world.[37] The choruses include the lines from Lao-Tse: "He who knows does not speak / He who speaks does not know".[21][32] Elsewhere in "Circles", Harrison contemplates the changing nature of friendship as, over the course of lifetimes, in Inglis's description, "our enemies become our companions, affections turn into hatred".[21]
On the released recording, Harrison concludes with a statement on how to break the circle of repetition:[38] "When loss and gain and up and down / Becomes the same, then we stop going in circles."[39] Allison interprets this conclusion, and Harrison's worldview generally, as espousing the need to recognise theillusory nature of the material world, saying: "All the multiplicity and diversity are in truth manifestations of the one hidden and divine reality … opposites are not opposites. To understand that up is down and that gain is loss is to be … on one's way to escaping from the material world."[40]
"Circles" was one of the five Harrison compositions,[41] out of a total of 23 songs,[42] that the Beatles demoed before recording their 1968 double album,The Beatles.[43][44] The song was taped in late May 1968[45] atKinfauns, Harrison's home inEsher,[46] using hisAmpexfour-track recorder.[47][48] Harrison sang and played organ on the track,[46][49] taping two parts on the instrument.[50] The use of keyboards contrasted with the mainly acoustic guitar backing employed on the Beatles' Esher demos; author and criticRichie Unterberger describes the keyboard sound as "an eerie organ that seems to have been dragged out of a dusty, disused church closet".[51] In his bookRevolution in the Head,Ian MacDonald identifies the instrument as aharmonium and writes that, rather than performing the song alone, Harrison was "shadowed by a tentative … bass-line" fromPaul McCartney.[52]
As with "Sour Milk Sea", another Harrison song inspired by the Beatles' stay in Rishikesh,[53] the group did not attempt to record "Circles" for the White Album.[54] This partly reflected Harrison's junior position toJohn Lennon and McCartney as a songwriter in the Beatles;[51][55] in an interview conducted later in 1968,[56] he also stated that he was enjoying contributing more on guitar again and being a "rock 'n' roll star".[57] With the band's songwriting output at an unprecedentedly high level,[58][59] Harrison's "Not Guilty" was similarly left off the album,[60] even though the group completed a studio recording of that track in London.[61][62]
The demo of "Circles", along with the Esher recordings of "Sour Milk Sea" and "Not Guilty", began circulating onbootleg compilations in the early 1990s.[63][nb 5] In 2018, all the Esher demos were issued on the50th Anniversary box-set release ofThe Beatles.[64][65]
In 1978, Harrison returned to "Circles" and "Not Guilty" during the sessions for his sixth post-Beatles solo album,George Harrison.[66][67] Although "Not Guilty" appeared on that release the following year,[68] "Circles" remained unused until 1982, when Harrison again revisited it while working onGone Troppo.[69][70] By this point in his career, Harrison had long softened the spiritual message of his work[71] and, since the late 1970s, he had distanced himself from the Hare Krishna movement.[72] Harrison nevertheless gave an in-depth interview to senior devoteeMukunda Goswami in September 1982,[73] during which he shared his thoughts on reincarnation, meditation andchanting.[74][75]
Harrison recorded "Circles" at hisFriar Park studio, inHenley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, during sessions held between 5 May and 27 August 1982.[2] He co-produced the track withRay Cooper[76] and former Beatles engineerPhil McDonald.[77] The backing musicians included keyboard playersBilly Preston,Jon Lord andMike Moran;[1] Harrison also playedsynthesizer,[78] in addition to bass[79] andslide guitar.[32] Leng describes the song as Harrison's "firstHindustani blues" and, unlike the sparse 1968 recording, a track arranged with "rich instrumentation" that includes "gospel flourishes" from Preston, on piano andHammond organ, and "Harrison's unique guitar tones".[34] In musicologist Thomas MacFarlane's view, the layers of keyboards and slide guitar combine with the composition'ssuspensions and chromatic shifts to produce a "curious hybrid" combining a "Harrison pop tune" with anart song.[36]
Leng comments on the seemingly unlikely pairing of Harrison and Lord,[34] who was the keyboardist for theheavy rock bandsDeep Purple andWhitesnake.[80] Acknowledging the close friendship between the two near-neighbours, Leng cites Lord's presence on the track as indicative of a preference for locally sourced contributors and "trusted pals" when Harrison madeGone Troppo.[81][nb 6] As another factor in the album's creation, Harrison felt increasingly removed from contemporary musical trends and more involved with his film company,HandMade,[87] whose recent successes includedTerry Gilliam's 1981 fantasy adventureTime Bandits.[88][89] While viewing "Circles" as "a throwback to the early days of enlightenment in the 1960s", Leng writes that the "ponderous, stuttering, meditative pace and bizarre, circular melodic structure" of the song evokes "the feeling of being transported to one of the parallel realities" depicted in Gilliam's film.[90]
"Circles" was issued on 5 November 1982[91] as the closing track onGone Troppo, sequenced after Harrison's song from theTime Bandits soundtrack, "Dream Away".[92] By this point, "Circles" had gained a degree of notoriety, as a title that frequently appeared on lists of the Beatles' unreleased compositions.[1] The album's arrival coincided with heavy marketing of the Beatles' past work and anew television documentary,[93] as part of the twentieth anniversary celebrations of the band's debut single, "Love Me Do".[94][95] Writing inMojo in 2011,John Harris described "Circles" as "one bit of Fabs-related intrigue" on a release that otherwise received little notice, due to Harrison's refusal to promote his "contract-finisher" withWarner Bros. Records, the distributor of hisDark Horse record label.[96] AuthorAlan Clayson comments that the song's "sense of once more going through the old routine" seemingly reflected the artist's disenchantment after Warner's had rejected part of the content of his previous album,Somewhere in England.[97][nb 7]
Gone Troppo became Harrison's last album for five years,[98] during which he continued to focus on film production, while occasionally contributing to film soundtracks.[99][100] Among these projects, the 1985 HandMade comedyWater reunited four of the musicians who played on "Circles", as Moran wrote part of the film score (with Harrison),[101] and Harrison, Lord, Moran and Cooper[102] made a cameo appearance as "the Singing Rebels Band", along withEric Clapton andRingo Starr.[103][104][nb 8] In February 1983, "Circles" was released as theB-side to the album's second single in the United States, "I Really Love You".[107]
Discussing the reception toGone Troppo in their bookEight Arms to Hold You, Chip Madinger and Mark Easter identify "Circles" as the only track "reflecting weightier matters" on what was otherwise Harrison's "frothiest" collection of songs to date, and they conclude: "Sadly, a decent album was lost in the shuffle of the rapidly changing marketplace of the early '80's."[108] In his contemporary review forMusician magazine, Roy Trakin wrote that, followingLennon's murder two years before, Harrison's "tortured honesty" undermined the album's "attempt to heal those psychic wounds with calm, offhanded music". He said that "not even Billy Preston can rescue … the maudlin tautologies of the closing 'Circles'."[109]
More impressed withGone Troppo,Dave Thompson wrote inGoldmine in 2002 that, together with "Dream Away", "Circles" "stand[s] alongside any number of Harrison's minor classics".[110] Writing in 2017, Jamie Atkins ofRecord Collector also challenged the poor reputation that the album had gained. Among its highlights, he said that "Circles turns the creepy, bad acid vibes of [Harrison's] 1968 demo into one of his finest solo tracks."[111]
In his bookThe Unreleased Beatles, Richie Unterberger describes the song as "a pretty neat, if droning, reflection of Harrison's more somber spiritual sensibilities". He views the 1968 demo as a version that "exerts by far the greater fascination" compared with Harrison's later recording.[51] Author John Winn dismisses "Circles" as "a depressing number that makes 'Blue Jay Way' sound like a Little Richard freakout",[50] while Ian MacDonald describes it as "a typically perceptive, if deeply gloomy, song aboutkarma".[52] Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley dismisses the 1982 version as Harrison's "worst-ever composition", adding: "A heavy, spiritual dirge, somehow redolent of 'Blue Jay Way,' but different inasmuch as it's nowhere near as good … you can almost hear the song-writing barrel being scraped."[30]
By contrast, Simon Leng admires "Circles" as "one of [its] composer's most complex pieces", and he pairs the song with "Beware of Darkness" as "a study in Harrison's unique harmonic sense".[34] In light of its release as the final track onGone Troppo, Leng adds: "'Circles' was so personal and eccentric that it seemed to close the book on George's recording career. It felt like he was making music only for himself."[90] Thomas MacFarlane considers it to be one of Harrison's "most intriguing works" and a suitable conclusion to the "first phase" of his career as a solo artist.[70] He describes the performances on the track as "startling", saying that they approach a jazz-like virtuosity, and he recognises the production as unique in Harrison's catalogue in its blending of his best signaturetextural effects with a "minimalistic approach" tosoundscape.[36]
According to theGone Troppo CD credits[79] and Simon Leng:[112]
Beatles version
