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Ciguatoxins are a class oftoxicpolycyclicpolyethers found in fish that causeciguatera.
There are several different chemicals in this class. "CTX" is often used as an abbreviation.
Ciguatoxins do not seem to harm the fish that carry them, but they are poisonous to humans. They cannot be smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking.[1] Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard.
Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage-gatedsodium channels in thenervous system. Opening a sodium channel causesdepolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart arrhythmia, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera.
Ciguatoxins arelipophilic, able to cross theblood–brain barrier, and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms.
The major symptoms will develop within 1–3 hours of toxin ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, muscle and joint aches. The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation. There is no known antidote, though several therapeutic targets have been identified.[2][3] TheLD50 of ciguatoxin in mice is around 200 to 300ng/kg.[4]
Ciguatoxin is produced byGambierdiscus toxicus, a type ofdinoflagellate. The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, androe of big reef fish likegrouper,wrasse,triggerfish,lionfish, andamberjack. It also affectsbarracuda,snapper,hogfish,king mackerel, andsea bass.[5]
