Chyhyryn Чигирин | |
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 View of Chyhyryn | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Chyhyryn Location of Chyhyryn Show map of Cherkasy Oblast Chyhyryn Chyhyryn (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine | |
| Coordinates:49°04′38″N32°38′57″E / 49.07722°N 32.64917°E /49.07722; 32.64917 | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Cherkasy Oblast |
| Raion | Cherkasy Raion |
| Hromada | Chyhyryn urban hromada |
| City rights | 1592 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Serhiy Oleksiiovych Tymchenko |
| Area | |
• Total | 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 124 m (407 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 8,539 |
| • Density | 854/km2 (2,210/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 20900-20906 |
| Area code | +380 4730 |
Chyhyryn (Ukrainian:Чигирин[tʃɪɦɪˈrɪn]ⓘ;Polish:Czehryń[ˈt͡ʂɛxrɨɲ,ˈt͡ʂɛxrɨj̃]) is a city inCherkasy Raion,Cherkasy Oblast, centralUkraine. It is located onTiasmyn river not far where it enters theDnieper.
From 1648 to 1669, the city served as the residence of thehetman of the Zaporizhian Host. After a forced relocation of the Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan see from Kyiv in 1658, it became a full-fledged capital of theCossack Hetmanate. Among Metropolitans who served out of Chyhyryn were family of Tukalsky:Dionysius Balaban-Tukalskyi andJoseph Tukalskyi-Nelyubovych. Chyhyryn also became a traditional place for the appointment to the office of the hetman of the Zaporizhian Host.
Since the 17th century, the significance of the settlement was diminished to a semi-rural populated place. It hosts the administration ofChyhyryn urban hromada, one of thehromadas of Ukraine.[1] Population:8,539 (2022 estimate).[2]
Chyhyryn (Ukrainian:Чигирин;Turkish:Çigirin orÇehrin;Russian:Чигирин;Polish:Czehryń). On older maps it is often shown in Polish/Turkish-like transcription Czehrin (seeCh (digraph)).
From 1320 to 1569, the area had been part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania. It was ceded to theKingdom of Poland (in theKijów Voivodeship of theCrown of Poland) before theUnion of Lublin. In 1589, KingSigismund III of Poland granted a privilege to theStarosta ofCherkasy, Aleksander Wiśniowiecki, allowing him to establish a town and build a castle on a deserted site called Czehryn.[3] The castle was erected on a hill surrounded by theTiasmyn River, and the town was built around it. In 1592, a subsequent royal privilege granted the townMagdeburg rights as well as a coat of arms featuring three arrows.[3]
Chyhyryn likely suffered during the Cossack uprisings, as in 1611 it was granted exemption from taxes along with the nearby settlement of Danielgród.[3] Shortly thereafter, the town was transferred from the CherkasyStarostwo to that ofKaniv. From its early days,Cossacks had settled in the town, though their numbers declined over time—from 4,500 Cossack households in 1616 to only 500 by 1622.[3] Around this time, Chyhyryn emerged as the capital of a separate Starostwo. In 1637, Cossack rebels led byPavlo Pavliuk captured the town, but they were soon defeated. In 1638, thePolish Sejm established the Chyhyryn regiment ofregistered Cossacks, initially commanded by Jan Zakrzewski and later, in 1644, by Jan Krzeczowski.[3]
After the defeat of the Crown forces in battles against the Cossack rebels led byBohdan Khmelnytsky, Chyhyryn came under his control and was chosen by him as his main seat of power. The town was transformed into the principal Cossack stronghold, and the Chyhyryn regiment became the most prominent unit in theZaporozhian Host, numbering 3,291 men. As a result of theTreaty of Zboriv, ChyhyrynStarostwo was granted to Khmelnytsky.[3]
After the death of Khmelnytsky, two Cossack hetmans based in Chyhyryn recognized Polish suzerainty receiving the Chyhyryn Starostwo:Ivan Vyhovsky in 1658 andYurii Khmelnytsky in 1660. Their successor,Pavlo Teteria, continued the policy of loyalty to Poland. In 1663, Chyhyryn was besieged byKalmyk Tatars, and a year later it was attacked twice by Left-bank Cossacks under the command ofBryukhovetsky. The fortress was not captured, but a large part of the town was burned down.[3]
After Teteria resigned from the hetmancy in 1665, Chyhyryn briefly remained in Polish hands, but was soon taken by the new hetman,Petro Doroshenko, who acknowledged Turkish protection while not formally breaking ties with Poland.[3] This became one of the causes of the Polish-Turkish war. Turkey took control ofRight-bank Ukraine, granting Doroshenko a small principality in the southern part of the Kyiv region with its capital in Chyhyryn. However, the land was completely devastated — people fled or were expelled, and Chyhyryn itself became a Tatarslave market.[3]
In 1676, the city was besieged by Russian-Cossack forces, and Doroshenko was forced to surrender and swear allegiance to the Tsar. The hetman’s insignia were taken to Moscow. Meanwhile, the Turks proclaimed the freed Yurii Khmelnytsky as the new Cossack hetman and, in his name, led a large army into Ukraine.[3] The Turkishsiege of Chyhyryn in August 1677 was repelled by the Russians, butanother siege a year later, led byKara Mustafa, ended in success. The Turks completely destroyed the city and dismantled the fortress. Under the terms of the 1686Polish-Russian treaty, the strip of land from Stayki to mouth ofTiasmyn was to remain uninhabited, so the city was not rebuilt.[3]
Soon, however, people began returning to these lands, especially after peace was finally established between Poland, Turkey, and Russia in 1714, confirming Polish rule over the Right Bank. It remained the center of theChyhyryn regiment until 1712. In 1708, Andrii Doroshenko rebuilt the monastery that had been destroyed by the Turks. In 1720, the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was founded.[3] The Starostwo of Chyhyryn was soon reinstated. As a border town, it was plagued by raids fromhaidamak bands or settlers fromNew Serbia. The castle was not rebuilt until around 1760. By 1765, the town had 108 houses. According to the 1789 census, there were 138 houses, three churches, and one monastery, though the castle had again been destroyed. In 1792, KingStanisław August renewed the town's privileges and granted new ones.[3]
In 1790 the 8th Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Czehryń and in 1792 the 4th Polish Vanguard Regiment was stationed there.[4] It was annexed by theRussian Empire in theSecond Partition of Poland (1793), and became part of theKyiv region.
In 1917 a congress ofFree Cossacks took place in Chyhyryn. At that congress by traditionPavlo Skoropadsky was elected as the Hetman of the Cossacks (later in 1918 inKyiv, he was elected theHetman of Ukraine as well).
DuringWorld War II, Chyhyryn was occupied by theGerman Army fromAugust 7, 1941 toDecember 12, 1943.
In 1989 the population of the city was 12,853.[5]
Until 18 July 2020, Chyhyryn served as an administrative center ofChyhyryn Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four. The area of Chyhyryn Raion was merged into Cherkasy Raion.[6][7]
The town hosts an unfinishedChyhyryn Nuclear Power Plant.
Distribution of the population by native language according to the2001 census:[8]
| Language | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Ukrainian | 93.14% |
| Russian | 5.37% |
| other/undecided | 1.49% |
The city is on the banks ofTiasmyn River and lies at an altitude of 124 metresabove mean sea level. Minor industries, such as food and furniture factories, are the basis of the town economy in the 21st century.
| Climate data for Chyhyryn (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) | −0.1 (31.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.9 (78.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 13.0 (55.4) | 5.0 (41.0) | 0.4 (32.7) | 12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) | −3.1 (26.4) | 1.7 (35.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 15.9 (60.6) | 19.2 (66.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.4 (68.7) | 14.9 (58.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 2.3 (36.1) | −2.1 (28.2) | 8.8 (47.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) | −5.9 (21.4) | −1.5 (29.3) | 4.8 (40.6) | 10.4 (50.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 5.4 (41.7) | −0.2 (31.6) | −4.4 (24.1) | 4.9 (40.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 34.4 (1.35) | 32.9 (1.30) | 35.5 (1.40) | 36.7 (1.44) | 49.7 (1.96) | 77.1 (3.04) | 65.2 (2.57) | 54.2 (2.13) | 55.9 (2.20) | 42.1 (1.66) | 39.4 (1.55) | 37.0 (1.46) | 560.1 (22.05) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 84.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 83.5 | 80.8 | 76.6 | 66.9 | 63.2 | 68.0 | 68.0 | 66.4 | 71.9 | 76.9 | 84.0 | 85.1 | 74.3 |
| Source:World Meteorological Organization[9] | |||||||||||||
The Trinity Monastery, built near Chyhyryn in 1627, was later destroyed by theSoviet authorities. Other historical landmarks, such as the town hall and Khmelnytsky's palace, did not survive either. After Ukraine regained independence, Hetman's residence was restored and became a museum.
Chyhyryn istwinned with:
| City | Country | Year of Signing |
|---|---|---|
| Sebastopol, California |  United States | 1993 |
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