Churchill caretaker ministry | |
|---|---|
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| May–July 1945 | |
 Churchill in 1941 | |
| Date formed | 23 May 1945 (1945-05-23) |
| Date dissolved | 26 July 1945 (1945-07-26) |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Prime Minister | Winston Churchill |
| Prime Minister's history | 1940–1945 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | None appointed[a] |
| Totalno. of members | 92 appointments |
| Member parties | |
| Status in legislature | Majority(coalition) |
| Opposition party | Labour Party |
| Opposition leader | Clement Attlee |
| History | |
| Outgoing election | 1945 general election |
| Legislature term | 1935–1945 |
| Predecessor | Churchill war ministry |
| Successor | First Attlee ministry |
TheChurchill caretaker ministry was a short-term British government in the latter stages of theSecond World War, from 23 May to 26 July 1945. Theprime minister wasWinston Churchill, leader of theConservative Party. This government succeeded thenational coalition which he had formed after he was first appointed prime minister on 10 May 1940. The coalition had comprised leading members of the Conservative,Labour andLiberal parties and it was terminated soon after thedefeat of Nazi Germany because the parties could not agree on whether it should continue until after thedefeat of Japan.
Thecaretaker government continued to fight the war against Japan in the Far East but Churchill's focus was on preparation for thePotsdam Conference where he, accompanied byClement Attlee andAnthony Eden, would meetJoseph Stalin andHarry Truman. The main concern on the home front, however, was post-war recovery including the need for reform in key areas such as education, health, housing, industry and social welfare. Campaigning mostly on those issues, the parties canvassed for support in theforthcoming general election, the first held in the UKsince 1935. The general election was held on 5 July but, allowing time to collect the large numbers of votes by overseas service personnel, the result was not announced until 26 July and was alandslide victory for Labour. Churchill thereupon resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by his erstwhile coalition deputy Attlee, who formed aLabour government.
The1935 general election had resulted in a Conservative victory with a substantial majority andStanley Baldwin became prime minister.[1] In May 1937, Baldwin retired and was succeeded byNeville Chamberlain who continued Baldwin's foreign policy ofappeasement in the face ofGerman,Italian, andJapanese aggression.[2] Having signed theMunich Agreement withAdolf Hitler in 1938, Chamberlain became alarmed by the dictator's continuing aggression and, in March 1939, signed theAnglo-Polish military alliance which supposedly guaranteed British support forPoland if attacked.[3] Chamberlain issued thedeclaration of war against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939 and formed awar cabinet which included Winston Churchill (out of office since June 1929) asFirst Lord of the Admiralty.[4]
Dissatisfaction with Chamberlain's leadership became widespread in the spring of 1940 after Germany successfullyinvaded Norway. In response, theHouse of Commons held theNorway Debate from 7 to 9 May. At the end of the second day, the Labour opposition forced adivision which was in effect amotion of no confidence in Chamberlain. The government's majority of 213 was reduced to 81, still a victory but in the circumstances a shattering blow for Chamberlain.[5]
Two days later on Friday, 10 May, Germany launched itsinvasion of the Netherlands and Belgium. Chamberlain had been contemplating resignation but then changed his mind because he felt a change of government at such a time would be inappropriate.[6] Later that day, the Labour Party decided that they could not join a national coalition under Chamberlain's leadership but agreed to do so under a different Conservative prime minister.[7] Chamberlain now resigned and advisedthe King to appoint Churchill as his successor. Churchill quickly created a coalition government, granting key roles to leading figures in the Labour and Liberal parties.[7] The coalition held firm despite some critical setbacks and, ultimately, in alliance with theSoviet Union and theUnited States, Britain defeated Nazi Germany.[8]
In October 1944, Churchill had addressed the House of Commons and moved to extendParliament by a further year pending the final defeat of Nazi Germany and, if possible, Japan. There had not been a general election since 1935 and Churchill was determined to hold one as soon as hostilities ceased. While he could not accurately predict the end of the war against Japan, he was confident that Germany would be defeated by the summer of 1945 and he told the Commons that "we must look to the termination of the war against Nazism as a pointer which will fix the date of the next general election".[9]
In early April 1945, with victory then imminent in the European theatre of operations, Churchill met his deputy prime minister Clement Attlee, who was the leader of the Labour party, to discuss the future of the coalition. Attlee was due to depart for the United States on 17 April to attend theSan Francisco Conference on creation of theUnited Nations. Travelling with him were ministersAnthony Eden,Florence Horsbrugh, andEllen Wilkinson. They would be out of the country until 16 May and Churchill assured Attlee that Parliament would not be dissolved in their absence. AfterVE Day on 8 May, Churchill changed his mind about an early election and decided to propose continuation of the coalition until after the defeat of Japan.[10]
In the meantime, however, Labour'sHerbert Morrison, home secretary in the coalition, had published a declaration calledLet Us Face The Future which was effectively a party manifesto for the election. Several leading Conservatives made speeches in response. The electioneering may have been premature and it subsided after thedeath of Hitler on 30 April but quickly regathered pace after VE Day.[11] On 11 May, Churchill met Morrison andErnest Bevin, the coalition'sMinister of Labour, telling them that he wished to maintain the coalition until Japan had been defeated.[12] Their view, confirmed byLabour's National Executive Committee (NEC), was that the general election should be held in October regardless of the situation in the Far East as it was then widely thought the war against Japan might continue for another 18 months.[12][13] With Labour refusing to extend the coalition beyond October, Churchill began receiving calls from his own party to announce an election in June or July – leading Conservatives likeLord Beaverbrook andBrendan Bracken wanted to cash in on Churchill's personal popularity as "the man who won the war".[9] Labour, on the other hand, wanted Churchill's popularity to subside and, in addition, Morrison pointed out that a new and more accurate register of voters would be available by October.[13]
Attlee and Eden returned from the US on 16 May and Attlee met Churchill that evening. While Attlee himself favoured continuation until the defeat of Japan, he was aware that the majority of Labour Party members thought differently.[12][14] Churchill sought a compromise and wrote a letter to the NEC which was amended by Bevin to include a pledge on social reform, but it was not enough. On Sunday, 20 May, the NEC voted for an October election and their resolution was backed overwhelmingly by the conference delegates next day.[15][14] Attlee phoned Churchill with the news and an element of discord arose between the two which was fuelled by Beaverbrook in his newspapers.[16]
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At noon on Wednesday, 23 May, Churchill tendered his resignation to King George VI.[17] He insisted on returning toDowning Street to keep up the pretence that the King had a free choice as to whom to invite to form the next government. He was summoned back toBuckingham Palace at four o'clock and the King asked him to form a new ministry pending the outcome of the general election. Churchill accepted.[18][19] It was agreed that Parliament would be dissolved on 15 June and the election would be held on 5 July. With many service personnel out of the country, it was decided that votes would not be counted until 26 July, allowing time to collect the service votes.[16]
Churchill's new government was known as the Caretaker ministry. It was composed mostly of Conservatives, supplemented by the smallLiberal National Party and some other individuals likeSir John Anderson who had been associated with the government.[20] Churchill had completed his Cabinet appointments by the morning of 26 May and drove with his wifeClementine to hisWoodford constituency where he gave his first speech of the election campaign.[18] He commented on the "caretaker" nickname, saying: "They call us 'the Caretakers'; we condone the title, because it means that we shall take every good care of everything that affects the welfare of Britain and all classes in Britain".[20][18] Churchill was formally reappointed prime minister by the King on 28 May.[16]
The Labour and Liberal parties formed theOpposition, except that one Liberal member,Gwilym Lloyd George, accepted Churchill's invitation to continue asMinister of Fuel and Power, the office he had held since 3 June 1942. While Churchill was obliged to replace all the other Labour and Liberal ministers in the coalition, he made no significant changes to the structure of the government. There were just two new posts: aParliamentary secretary (Peter Thorneycroft) was appointed to theMinistry of War Transport and there was an additionalParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs –Lord Lovat was appointed to share the role with future prime ministerLord Dunglass.[21]
Pending the general election, Parliament sat on only fourteen days from 29 May to 15 June during the caretaker ministry. There was some controversy on Thursday, 7 June, when Churchill refused a demand from the House of Commons to reveal all that was discussed at theYalta Conference, but said that there were no secret agreements.[22] A total of 27Acts received theroyal assent on 15 June immediately prior to theprorogation of Parliament.[b] They all enacted legislation proposed and debated during the term of the wartime ministry, among them theFamily Allowances Act 1945 which came into effect on 6 August 1946. This Act is important as the first UK law to providechild benefit and it is seen as a tribute to the work done over thirty years byEleanor Rathbone who championed the family allowance cause.[24][c]
The government was actively involved in monitoring levels ofrationing. Key to this was theMinistry of Food underJohn Llewellin and hisparliamentary secretary, Florence Horsbrugh. A number of changes were actioned on 27 May, three weeks after VE Day, including cuts in thebacon ration from 4oz to 3oz per week, in thecooking fat ration from 2oz to 1oz, and a one-eighth cut in thesoap ration, except for babies and young children.[26][27] There was good news on 1 June for civilian motorists, though very few people owned private cars in 1945, when the basicpetrol ration for civilians was restored. It had been abolished on 1 July 1942 when petrol consumption was restricted to military and industrial use only.[27] There was otherwise very little change with most food products continuing to be rationed as during the war. The same applied toclothing until 1949, and theUtility Clothing Scheme continued under its "Make Do and Mend" ethos.[27]
There was little opportunity within such a short Parliament, and with an election campaign underway, for any effective measures to be brought forward by the caretaker ministry and so, for the most part, they kept a watching brief while trying to convince the electorate that they would get down to the real business after the election. With this in mind, a cornerstone of the Conservative manifesto was implementation of the coalition government's Four-Year Plan.[28] According toMartin Gilbert, Churchill was influenced in this by the views of his daughterSarah.[28] The Four-Year Plan had been prepared two years earlier byWilliam Beveridge and called for the creation of theNational Health Service (NHS) and the welfare state. These measures were also part of the Labour manifesto and Churchill, encouraged by Sarah and others, decided to go further by promising free milk for the under-fives and a housing programme to ensure "homes for all".[28][d]
The war againstJapan continued for the duration of the caretaker ministry andended on 15 August, three weeks after Churchill's resignation.[30] Even before the defeat of Germany, Churchill had told the Americans that he wanted theRoyal Navy to play a prominent role in the defeat of Japan and the liberation of Britain's Asian colonies, especiallySingapore. The Americans were unenthusiastic, suspecting that Churchill's intentions were primarily imperialist. NeitherFranklin Roosevelt norHarry Truman had any intention of helping to sustain theBritish Empire.[31]
In their successfulcampaigns of 1944 and the early months of 1945, theBritish Army and its allies had mostly cleared Burma of Japanese forces by May 1945.Rangoon had fallen to the Allies on 2 May following theBattle of Elephant Point. While Churchill hoped for a triumphant re-entry to Singapore,[31] its recovery was logistically difficult and it remained under Japanese control until 12 September when it was finally recovered, following the Japanese surrender, by British forces inOperation Tiderace.[32]
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Churchill was United Kingdom's representative at the post-warPotsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July. It was a "Big Three" event with Joseph Stalin representing the Soviet Union and Harry Truman the United States. Ever since the conference was first proposed, Churchill had worried about the countries of eastern Europe, especially Poland, which had been overrun by theRed Army.[33] He was accompanied at the sessions not only by Eden asForeign Secretary but also by Attlee, pending the result of the general election held on 5 July.[34][35] They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned toPotsdam with Ernest Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion.[36]
According to Eden, Churchill's performance at Potsdam was "appalling" because he was unprepared and verbose. Eden said Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.[37] This negative version of events is contradicted by Gilbert who describes Churchill's eager involvement in discussions with Stalin and Truman. Their main topics were the successful testing by the Americans of theatom bomb and the demarcation of a new frontier between Poland and Germany. Stalin insisted on extending the frontier westward to theOder andWestern Neisse rivers, forming theOder–Neisse line and thus incorporating most ofSilesia into Poland. Churchill and Truman opposed this proposal but to no avail. Gilbert does recount thatField MarshalBernard Montgomery was worried about Churchill's health, saying in a letter that Churchill had "put on ten years since I last saw him".[38]
Earlier, on 31 May, Churchill and Eden had intervened in the so-calledLevant Crisis which had been initiated by French GeneralCharles de Gaulle. Acting as head of the FrenchProvisional Government, de Gaulle had ordered French forces to establish an air base inSyria and a naval base in Lebanon. The action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed retaliation, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from neighbouringTransjordan were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".[39]
Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour.[40] On 4 June, he committed a serious political gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require "some form ofGestapo" to enforce its agenda:[41][42][43]
No Socialist Government conducting the entire life and industry of the country could afford to allow free, sharp, or violently-worded expressions of public discontent. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.
Gilbert describes the speech's references to socialism as "hostile and injudicious", and it backfired badly.[44] Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook".Roy Jenkins says this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".[45]Richard Toye, writing in 2010, says the Gestapo speech had retained all of the notoriety it gained at the time of delivery. Many of Churchill's colleagues and supporters were appalled by it, includingLeo Amery who praised Attlee's "adroit reply to Winston'srhodomontade".[46] The broadcast impacted the electorate's perception of Churchill as their national leader, causing him to lose credibility. The problem was that a national leader was expected to behave differently to a party leader during an election and Churchill failed to strike the right balance.[47]
Nevertheless, although the Gestapo speech created a negative response, Churchill personally retained a very high approval rating in opinion polls and was still expected to win the election.[42] The main reason for his defeat was underlying discontent with, and suspicion of, the Conservative Party. There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Conservative-dominated government of the 1930s and, recognising the public mood, Labour ran a very effective campaign which focused on the real issues facing the British people in peacetime – the 1930s had been an era of poverty and mass unemployment, so Labour's manifesto promised full employment, improved housing and the provision of free medical services.[42] These issues were foremost in the minds of the voters and Labour was trusted to resolve them.[42]
Churchill's principal theme in the election campaign was always the perils inherent, as he saw them, in socialism, but the Conservatives had to offer an alternative and Churchill stressed to his colleagues that a Conservative government must be constructive.[48] He saw the housing shortage as the main issue and announced his commitment to rebuilding in a broadcast on 13 June but, as with the Gestapo speech on 4 June, he ruined the effect by again insisting that Labour would deploy some form of political police to control the nation.[28] On 3 July, he called for an intensive effort by his Cabinet colleagues to promote housebuilding[49] and prepare legislation for both national insurance and the NHS, but his concerns in these areas were unknown by the electorate to the extent that, when he addressed an audience in the Labour stronghold ofWalthamstow that evening, he was almost forced to abandon the event because of booing and heckling.[50] Many commentators felt that Churchill's election speeches lacked "vim" and there is a view that he was much more interested in what was happening in eastern Europe than in the United Kingdom, but eastern Europe was Churchill's primary concern at Potsdam.[51]
Polling day was on 5 July and, after the agreed delay for collection of the overseas service votes, the results were declared on 26 July.[16] The outcome was a landslide victory for the Labour Party with a Commons majority of 146 over all other parties.[52] Churchill had a constitutional right to remain in office until defeated by a no confidence vote in the House of Commons. He wanted to exercise this right, partly so he could return to Potsdam as prime minister, but instead was persuaded to resign that evening and was succeeded by Attlee.[52][53][54][55]
The caretaker ministry's short term of office means that a critical assessment of its performance is difficult butStuart Ball credits Churchill as "a good constructor of cabinets" and says that, although the 1945 government is sometimes unfairly dismissed, "it was a sound and capable team".[56] Gilbert points out that the ministry's efforts were overshadowed by the general election in which Churchill himself was the focus of public interest.[50]
This table lists those ministers who held Cabinet membership in the caretaker ministry.[21] Many retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are markedin situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given.
This table lists those ministers who held non-Cabinet roles in the caretaker ministry.[21] Some retained roles they held in the war ministry and these are markedin situ with the date of their original appointment. For new appointments, their predecessor's name is given.
| Preceded by | Government of the United Kingdom 1945 | Succeeded by |
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