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TheChurch of the United Brethren in Christ is anevangelicalChristian denomination with churches in 17 countries. It isProtestant, with anepiscopal structure andArminian theology, with roots in theMennonite and GermanReformed communities of 18th-centuryPennsylvania, as well as close ties toMethodism. It was organized in 1800 byMartin Boehm andPhilip William Otterbein and is the first American denomination that was not transplanted from Europe. It emerged fromUnited Brethren churches that were at first unorganized, and not all of which joined this church when it was formally organized in 1800, following a 1789 conference at theOtterbein Church (Baltimore, Maryland).
In 1889, a controversy over membership in secret societies such as theFreemasons, the proper way to modify the church's constitution, and other issues split the United Brethren into majority liberal and minority conservative blocs, the latter of which was led by BishopMilton Wright (father of theWright Brothers). Both groups continued to use the nameChurch of the United Brethren in Christ.
The majority faction, known as theChurch of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution), merged with theEvangelical Church in 1946 to form a new denomination known as theEvangelical United Brethren Church (EUB). This in turn merged in 1968 withThe Methodist Church to form theUnited Methodist Church (UMC).
The Wright-led faction was known as theChurch of the United Brethren in Christ, Old Constitution until 1946 when it resumed usage of the original name. As of 2025, the denomination had about 600 congregations, with 47,300 members in fifteen countries.[1][2] The US National Conference consists of about 200 churches and 25,000 members in the United States, plus mission districts in Haiti and India. The United States national office is located inHuntington, Indiana, as is the denomination's only college,Huntington University.[3]
Though the church was not organized until 1800, its roots reach back to 1767. In May of that year, aGreat Meeting (part of the interdenominational revival movement theFirst Great Awakening) was held at a barn belonging to Isaac Long inLancaster, Pennsylvania.Martin Boehm (1725–1812), aMennonite preacher, spoke of his becoming a Christian through crying out to God while plowing in the field.Philip William Otterbein (1726–1813), aReformed pastor atYork, Pennsylvania, left his seat, embraced Boehm and said to him, "Wir sind Brüder (we are brethren)."
The followers of Boehm and Otterbein formed a loose movement for many years. It spread to include German-speaking churches in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and Ohio. In 1800, they began a yearly conference. Thirteen ministers attended the first conference at the home of Peter Kemp inFrederick, Maryland. At that conference in 1800, they adopted a name, theUnited Brethren in Christ. Boehm and Otterbein, now in their 70s, were elected as bishops. The United Brethren Church claims to be the first denomination to actually begin in the United States, rather than be transplanted from Europe. A Confession of Faith was adopted in 1815 (similar to one written by Otterbein in 1789), and it has remained the statement of church doctrine to the present. In 1841, they adopted a Constitution. It has remained mostly intact, being changed perhaps a dozen times.
William Otterbein retained a connection with the Reformed Church, pastoring a Reformed Church inBaltimore, Maryland from 1774 until his death in 1813. Martin Boehm was excluded by the Mennonites in 1775. He joined the Methodist Church in 1802, while remaining bishop of the United Brethren until his death in 1812.Francis Asbury, bishop of the Methodist Church in America, spoke at the memorial services of both of these United Brethren bishops. Otterbein had assisted in Asbury's ordination.
The United Brethren took a strong standagainst slavery in 1821. After 1837, slave owners were no longer allowed to remain as members of the United Brethren Church. In 1847, the United Brethren foundedOtterbein University inWesterville, Ohio, which continues today. In 1853, theHome, Frontier, and Foreign Missionary Society was organized. Expansion occurred into the western United States, but the church's stance against slavery limited expansion to the south.
By 1889, the United Brethren had grown to over 200,000 members with six bishops. In that same year they experienced a division. Denominational leaders desired to make three changes: to give local conferences proportional representation at the General Conference; to allow laymen to serve as delegates to General Conference; and to allow United Brethren members to hold membership in secret societies. However, the consensus process for amending the Constitution at the time made it difficult to amend; amendments required a 2/3 majority of all church members. However, the denomination believed these changes were necessary for the good of the church, and chose to enact them without this near consensus at the 1889 General Conference, held inYork, Pennsylvania. They also adopted a new Confession of Faith.
A minority, mostly conservative faction felt the changes violated the Constitution because they were not made by a 2/3 majority of all church members.Milton Wright (the father of aviation pioneersWilbur Wright andOrville Wright) was the only one of the church's six bishops to side with the minority. He and 13 other conference delegates left the meeting and resumed the session at the York Opera House. Arguing that based upon church constitution requirements the majority faction had effectively withdrawn from the denomination, they declared themselves to be the true United Brethren Church.[citation needed]
However, most of the congregations that sided with Wright lost their property. Wright led this group— comprising 10,000 to 15,000 constituents—in those early years as they reorganized. A new headquarters began taking shape in 1897 inHuntington, Indiana, with the establishment of a publishing house, national offices, andHuntington College. Wright served as bishop until 1905.[citation needed]
Until 1946 two groups operated under the name Church of the United Brethren in Christ, distinguished by whether they were the Church of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution), known as the "Radicals" ,or theChurch of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution), known as the "Liberals". Both claimed 1800 as their founding date, with heritage dating to 1767, and the same history up to 1889.[citation needed]
In 1946, the larger New Constitution United Brethren church merged with theEvangelical Association to form theEvangelical United Brethren Church. That body in turn merged withThe Methodist Church (USA) in 1968 to form theUnited Methodist Church. The present United Brethren Church is descended from the Old Constitution faction. This group eventually adopted two of the changes that led to the division of 1889 – local conferences have proportional representation at General Conference, and half of the delegates are laypersons. The present church contends that unlike in 1889, these changes were adopted constitutionally, by near consensus.
The Church of the United Brethren in Christ is a conservativeTrinitarian body of Christians that hold the deity, humanity, and atonement ofJesus; that the Bible, in both theOld andNew Testaments, is theinspired Word of God; and that salvation is through faith, repentance, and following after Christ. The church holds two ordinances:baptism and theLord's supper. The church takes a neutral position on the observance offoot washing, stating, "the example of washing feet is left to the judgment of every one to practice or not...".[4]
For the first several decades[when?] the Church of the United Brethren in Christ was loosely organized and known simply as the United Brethren Church. When it officially organized into a denomination,[when?] it adopted the name "Church of the United Brethren in Christ" to avoid confusion with theUnitas Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren), or, as it more commonly was called in English, the United Brethren (also known as theMoravian Church). Although there was influence byPietism and the Moravians on the founders of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, there is no direct organizational link.
Likewise, there are no organizational connections with the Brethren denominations coming out of the German Brethren andSwiss Brethren movements, and there are no connections with variousLatter Day Saint groups that use "United Brethren" in their name.
Known branches of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ include several congregations led by United Brethren founderMartin Boehm. Initially known asRiver Brethren, they developed into several denominations, including theBrethren in Christ Church,Calvary Holiness Church,Old Order River Brethren/Yorker Brethren, andUnited Zion Church. While they were associated with the United Brethren during the early decades, they never joined when the movement formalized into a denomination.[5]
During the 19th century, John Swank and a small number of supporters left the United Brethren Church. They joined with a small faction that had broken from the larger Brethren in Christ Church. Led by John Wegner, this group was also known by the name "Brethren in Christ". Part of this group, led by John Swank, later broke off and merged to become part of theMennonite Brethren in Christ. The Mennonite Brethren in Christ eventually contributed to the convergence of denominations of what is now theMissionary Church, USA, headquartered inFort Wayne, Indiana. The remainder of the Wegner/Swank Brethren in Christ became the Pentecostal Brethren in Christ before becoming part of thePilgrim Holiness Church, which merged to become part of theWesleyan Church.[5]
In addition a small group of members withdrew (primarily over a desire for a stronger stand on pacifism) to form one of the denominations known as theUnited Christian Church around the middle of the 19th century.
In 1848 a small group withdrew to form the Republican United Brethren Church. They later merged with another small splinter group, called theReformed United Brethren Church to create theEvangelical United Brethren Association. The Evangelical United Brethren Association is believed to have united with several other groups to form theChristian Union in 1864. In 1909 the Christian Union split into the Christian Union and theChurches of Christ in Christian Union.
They are not to be confused with theEvangelical Association that later was known as the Evangelical Church and later merged to become TheEvangelical United Brethren Church.
The largest "branching" came in 1889, when the main body divided into two groups. The larger group embraced a new constitution while the smaller group retained the original constitution. The larger group was known as the Church of the United Brethren in Christ or, later, the United Brethren Church (UB). In 1946, the United Brethren Church merged with theEvangelical Church to form theEvangelical United Brethren Church (EUB). In 1968 the Evangelical United Brethren Church merged with theMethodist Church to form theUnited Methodist Church (UMC).
In Canada, the more liberal United Brethren group after 1889 joined with the Congregationalists in 1906. The Congregationalists then joined with the Methodist Church and most of the Presbyterian Churches in Canada in 1925 to form theUnited Church of Canada. The more conservative United Brethren Church after 1889 continues to this day as theUnited Brethren Church in Canada. When EUB churches in the United States entered the UMC in 1968, congregations in Central Canada merged with the United Church of Canada.
In 1968, a number of the Evangelical United Brethren Churches in the US and Canada left the Evangelical United Brethren Church/United Methodist Church. Some rejoined the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, other denominations, or remained independent. Most joined to form theEvangelical Church of North America. Later, because of international laws and legal requirements by Revenue Canada, the Canadian branch of the Evangelical Church of North America withdrew to form its own denomination. The Evangelical Church in Canada then merged with theMissionary Church of Canada to form theEvangelical Missionary Church in Canada. Fraternal ties between the Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Missionary Church have been maintained.
In 1981 a group of former Evangelical United Brethren churches in Pennsylvania separated from the Evangelical Church of North America over concerns regarding the ownership of congregational property. They established theAssociation of Evangelical Churches. The Association began an annual slate of ministry events with Family Camp in August 1982, and has since added Men's Retreat, Ministers' Retreat, Youth Retreat, and Ladies Retreat. In addition, its Board of Ministry trains, licenses, and ordains workers for ministry. The Association was a member of theChristian Holiness Partnership. Four chairmen have served the Association since its inception: Rev. Evans Mitchell 1982–1986; Rev. Gary Lyons 1986–1998; Rev. James Nelson 1998–2006; and Rev. Allen Young since 2006.[6]
All but one of the churches of California Conference of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, USA, withdrew from the denomination during the fall of 2005 and started their own group, calledUnited Believers in Christ. The denomination had just gone through a two-year effort to merge into the Missionary Church USA denomination. Although the California churches had strongly supported the initiatives of UBHope, a group which opposed joining with the Missionary Church, USA, and although many of the ideas ultimately adopted originated from UBHope, the California churches continued to disagree with the direction of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, USA.
The smaller group of churches resulting from the 1889 division became known as theChurch of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution). Later, after the otherChurch of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution) changed names with its 1946 merger with the Evangelical Church, "Old Constitution" was dropped from the name. Today, they are often casually referred to as United Brethren (UB) or the United Brethren Church (UBC).
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In the late 1980s through the early 21st century, a need to comply with changing international laws resulted in the creation of a number of self-governing United Brethren "national conferences", organized by country. These independent national denominations covenanted together to create an interdependent body called the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, International. They must all agree to follow the Confession of Faith of 1815, as well as a set of seven Core Values adopted in 2001. The other international governing documents include a Constitution and By-Laws.[citation needed]
The General Conference of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, International, meets every three years. It is the highest governing body of the church, and is composed of representatives from the ten national conferences. Each national conference can send two delegates, usually its Bishop or General Superintendent and its Missions Director. The national conference of each country elects its own highest official (often called the bishop). These national conference officials make up an international Executive Committee. The Executive Committee meets annually, usually electronically, to take care of business between sessions of the General Conference. Canadian Bishop Brian Magnus is the current chair of the United Brethren International Executive Committee.[citation needed]
The Church of the United Brethren in Christ, International, currently consists of ten self-governing national conferences. Seven of them existed when the international structure was adopted in 2001. Two more conferences, Mexico and thePhilippines, were accepted as part of the denomination in 2005, and the UB churches in Guatemala became the tenth national conference[7] in 2010. The Philippines National Conference was removed from membership by the 2017 General Conference.[why?] A group of nearly 30 churches in Haiti, which had affiliated with the United Brethren in 2000 as a mission district, and operated under the supervision of the Canadian national conference, organized as a national conference in 2019. Here is the total list of national conferences:
In addition there are various mission districts. A mission district is a collection of churches in a country which are not yet organized into a national conference. Instead, those churches are under the supervision of a national conference. For example, UB Global, the joint mission organization of the United Brethren churches in the United States and Canada, currently oversees a mission district in India and the two churches inMacau, while the Hong Kong Conference oversees the work inThailand.[citation needed] Any mission district can seek status as a national conference if it meets and maintains the following criteria:
If a mission district meets those requirements, it can apply for national conference status through this procedure:
These are the current mission districts:
(see also: otherProtestant missionary societies in China during the 19th century)
The General Conference of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, International, meets every three years. It is the highest governing body of the church, and is composed of representatives from the various national conferences. Each national conference can send two delegates. The national conference of each country elects its own highest official (often called the bishop). These national conference officials make up an international Executive Committee. The Executive Committee meets annually to take care of business between sessions of the General Conference.
The Church of the United Brethren in Christ, USA is the United Brethren national conference for the United States. Its national offices are located in Huntington, Indiana. Led by an elected bishop, it is composed of clergy and lay representatives from US congregations and US-sponsored mission fields. The national conference meets every two years.
On October 14, 2003, the Executive Leadership Team of the United Brethren Church, USA voted to pursue joining with theMissionary Church. The joining was tentatively scheduled to occur in 2005 but was defeated by a vote of the membership in 2004. This action, had it received a favorable vote, would have combined the United Brethren churches in the United States into the Missionary Church USA, so that all of those congregations would have become Missionary Church congregations.
At the 2005 National Conference of the United Brethren Church, USA significant changes were passed that initiated a major restructuring and refocusing of the denomination. The new organizational structure eliminated the multiple geographical "annual conferences" which had existed since 1810, and replaced them with smaller groupings, called "clusters", consisting of 5-10 churches and their senior pastors. Clusters were designed to better equip congregations and their leadership while building stronger relationships and accountability.
The new structure did the following:
The covenant must be signed by each church and reciprocally signed by the bishop. If a church chooses not to sign the covenant, they are basically withdrawing from the denomination. The covenant, as most recently revised, includes these points:
The total number of United Brethren churches is 600, with a membership of 47,300. In 2017, membership in the United States was around 20,000 in 180 congregations.[8] The majority of United Brethren churches are located inPennsylvania,Ohio,Indiana, andMichigan. Outside the United States, there are churches in Canada,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Haiti,Honduras,Hong Kong, India,Jamaica, Liberia,Macau, Mexico,Nicaragua,Sierra Leone, France, andThailand.
Since its beginning in the 18th century, the Church of the United Brethren in Christ founded 34 colleges, seminaries, and academies in the United States. Only Huntington University is part of the current Church of the United Brethren in Christ. The complete list of colleges surviving as independent entities, include:
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