From top to bottom, left to right: Chula Vista Bayfront, Chula Vista City Hall, Pius XXI Church, Congregational Tower, Chula Vista Elite Athletic Training Center.
The area, along with San Diego, was inhabited by theKumeyaay before contact from the Spanish, who later claimed the area. In 1821, Chula Vista became part of the newly declaredMexican Empire, which reformed as theFirst Mexican Republic two years later. California became part of the United States in 1848 as a result of theMexican–American War, and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850.
Fossils of aquatic life, in the form of abelemnitida from theJurassic, have been found within the modern borders of Chula Vista.[15] It is not until theOligocene epoch that land life fossils have been found;[15][16] althoughEocene epoch fossils have been found in nearbyBonita.[15] It is not until 10,000 years ago that human activity has been found within the modern borders of Chula Vista, primarily inOtay Valley of theSan Dieguito people.[15] The oldest site of human settlement within the modern boundaries of Chula Vista, was named Otai by the Spanish in 1769, and had been occupied as far back as 7,980 years ago.[17] Another place where humans first settled within the modern boundaries of Chula Vista was at the Rolling Hills Site, which dates back to 7,000 years ago.[17]
In 3000 BC, people speaking theYuman (Quechan) language began moving into the region from theLower Colorado River Valley and southwesternArizona portions of theSonoran Desert. Later theKumeyaay tribe came to populate the land, on which the city sits today, and lived in the area for hundreds of years.[18] The Kumeyaay built a village known asChiap (orChyap) which was located by mudflats at the southern end of South Bay.[19]
In 1542 AD, a fleet of threeSpanish Empire ships commanded byJuan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailed intoSan Diego Harbor. Early explorations by Spanishconquistadors, such as these, led to Spanish claims of the land. The village of Chiap (known to the Spanish as La Punta) became a center of aKumeyaay revolt against the Spanish in 1775, which was later abandoned by 1776.[20] The historic land on which Chula Vista sits became part of the 1795 land grant known as Rancho del Rey or The King's Ranch. The land eventually was renamed Rancho de la Nación.[18]
During theMexican–American War, California was claimed by the United States, regardless of theCalifornia independence movement that had briefly swept the state. Though California was now under the jurisdiction of the United States, land grants were allowed to continue in the form of private property.[18] In 1873, theUnited States Army built a telegraph line between San Diego andFort Yuma which ran through Telegraph Canyon in Chula Vista;[21][22] its construction was under the command of Captain George F. Price of the5th Cavalry Regiment out ofCamp McDowell.[23] In the 1870s and 1880s mining was done on Rancho Janal.[24]
TheSan Diego Land and Town Company developed lands of the Rancho de la Nación for newsettlement. The town began as a five thousand acre development, with the first house being erected in 1887; by 1889, ten houses had been completed.[25] Around this time, the lemon was introduced to the city, by a retired professor from theUniversity of Wisconsin.[26] Chula Vista can be roughly translated from Spanish as "beautiful view";[18] the name was suggested bySweetwater Dam designer James D. Schulyer.[27]
In 1911, Chula Vista had 15,000 acres (61 km2) of agricultural lands, of which 4,000 acres (16 km2) were lemon groves.[33] The citizens of Chula Vista voted to incorporate on October 17, 1911. The State approved the city's incorporation in November.[18] One of its first city council members was a formerClevelandite Greg Rogers, who was also a leader of theChula Vista Yacht Club.[34] The yacht club would the first on theWest Coast to build race specific boats, which resulted in a uniquely designedsloop.[35] In 1915, aCarnegie Library was built on F Street.[36] In the 1910s,Chinese,Filipino, andMexicanfarm laborers worked the fields within the city, with most commuting in fromdowntown San Diego andLogan Heights.[37]
Although the Great Depression affected Chula Vista significantly, agriculture still provided considerable income for the residents. In 1931, the lemon orchards produced $1 million in revenue and the celery fields contributed $600,000.[18]Japanese American farms played a significant role in developing new crops outside of lemons, especially celery.[42] In the 1930s, led byChris Mensalvas, Filipino and Mexican farm workerswent on strike against the celery farms.[43] To the east, on land formerly known as Rancho Janal,dairy farming andcattle farming was done on over 4,000 acres (1,600 ha).[44] By the end of the 1930s, the city's population of over 4,000 residents was mostlyCaucasian, with small populations ofJapanese and Mexican Americans.[45] Prior to World War II,anti-Japanese sentiment had existed in Chula Vista, due to competition between Japanese farmers and White farmers, however an association was formed which decreased those sentiments.[46]
The population of post–World War II Chula Vista tripled from 5,000 residents in 1940 to more than 16,000 in 1950.[18] After the war, many of the factory workers and thousands of servicemen stayed in the area, resulting in the huge growth in population. The last of the citrus groves and produce fields disappeared as Chula Vista became one of the largest communities in San Diego County.[18] In 1949, the city limits of Chula Vista expanded for the first time.[54] Due to the construction of theMontgomery Freeway, the Arguello Adobe of Rancho La Punta was demolished.[55] In 1955, the Big Ski Drive-In opened;[56] until it closed in 1980, it was one of the largestdrive-in theaters in the nation.[57] By the 1960s, Chula Vista continued its expansion with the annexation of part of Bonita.[58] That same decade, Filipinos and Mexicans began to move into Chula Vista in significant numbers;[59] these includedFilipino navy veterans.[60] In 1963, Chula Vista became the 2nd-most populous city in San Diego County.[61] From 1960 to 2013, theSouth Bay Power Plant, a 700-megawatt, four-boiler plant, occupied 115 acres (47 ha) of the Chula Vista waterfront.[62]
Olympic Training Center, with Lower Otay Reservoir in the background
In 1985, Chula Vista made the largest annexation in California history, which included the neighborhoods of Castle Park and Otay.[63] In January 1986, Chula Vista annexed the unincorporated community of Montgomery, which had previously rejected annexation in 1979 and 1982. At the time of the annexation the community was virtually surrounded by its larger neighbor.[64] Later, San Diego gave way, allowing Chula Vista to annex theOtay River Valley, which was opposed by residents inOtay Mesa andNestor.[65] Over the next few decades, Chula Vista continued to expand eastward. Plans called for a variety of housing developments such as the Eastlake, Rancho del Rey, and Otay Ranch neighborhoods.[10] During this expansion awalrus fossil was found, of an extinct species of toothlessValenictus, after the species was named for the city.[66] The quick expansion east ofInterstate 805 was not embraced by all of the cities residents, leading to advocacy that new housing developments be built with parks, schools, and emergency services.[63] In 1991, Chula Vista elected its first female mayor, Gayle McCandliss, who died from cancer a few weeks after being elected.[67] In 1995, theUnited States Olympic Committee opened anOlympic Training Center in Eastlake on donated land;[68] it is the USOC's first master-planned facility and is adjacent toLower Otay Reservoir.[69] In the last decade of the century, adesalinization plant opened to process water from wells along the Sweetwater River;[70] it was expanded less than two decades later,[71] which included a pumping station built in Bonita.[72]
DuringWorld War I andII, the army maintained a base on the present-day corner of Main Street and Albany Avenue. It initially served as a border post during World War I, and was reestablished in December 1942. It was home to the140th Infantry Regiment,35th Infantry Division.[73] The regiment conducted war games against theCamp Lockett–based10th Cavalry, and were defeated.[74] The base was closed in February 1944, and the division went on to see combat in theEuropean theater. All traces of the post have since been removed.[73]
In 2003, Chula Vista had 200,000 residents and was the second-largest city in San Diego County.[75] That year, Chula Vista was the seventh fastest growing city in the nation, growing at a rate of 5.5%, due to the communities of Eastlake and Otay Ranch.[76] Chula Vista is growing at a fast pace,[10] with major developments taking place in the Otay Valley near the U.S. Olympic Training Center and Otay Lake Reservoir. Thousands of new homes have been built in the Otay Ranch, Lomas Verdes, Rancho Del Rey,Eastlake and Otay Mesa areas.[77] In mid-2006, officials from Chula Vista and theSan Diego Chargers met to discuss the potential construction of a new stadium that would serve as the home for the team;[78] however, in June 2009, the Chargers removed Chula Vista as a possible location for a new stadium.[79] TheSouth Bay Expressway, a toll-road extension of State Route 125, opened on November 19, 2007.
As a result of theMexican drug war, many Mexicans fromTijuana began to immigrate to Chula Vista.[80] Being in close proximity to Tijuana, however, has led to some drug war activity within Chula Vista.[81]
In 2014, a survey conducted at the request of the city found that the majority of San Diegans surveyed had a negative perception of the city.[82] By 2015, there were over 31,000Filipino Americans living in Chula Vista;[83] they make up the majority of the 48,840 Asian Americans who live in Chula Vista.[10][84] In 2017, Chula Vista purchased the Olympic Training Center and renamed it to Elite Athlete Training Center; the United States Olympic Committee plans to continue to use the facility and pay rent to the city.[85] That same year, a post office in the Eastlake neighborhood was renamed Jonathan "J.D." De Guzman Post Office Building, in honor of a city resident who died while aSan Diego Police Department officer in 2016;[86] having immigrated from thePhilippines in 2000,[87] De Guzman was active in his community in Chula Vista, and went on to serve as a police officer for 16 years until his death.[88]
The number of reported calls to the Chula Vista Police about issues regarding homeless individuals have increased from 2004 to 2014, with Chula Vista having the largest population of homeless individuals in the South Bay.[89] In 2016, it was estimated that there were about 500 homeless individuals in Chula Vista.[90] Due to the increase in homeless population, Chula Vista, and other neighboring cities began to pass ordinances on recreational vehicles, and other large vehicles, resulting in a drop of the number of homeless individuals within the city.[91] By 2018, the number of homeless individuals in Chula Vista was down to 367.[92]
In 2019, Chula Vista was the first city in California to be certified as asanctuary city by the national non-profit "Welcoming America."[94] In December 2022, the "Welcoming City" designation was revoked due to concerns about itssurveillance program. The Chula Vista Police Department was sharing license plate reader data withICE andCBP.[95]
Owning up to its Spanish name origins -beautiful view - Chula Vista is located in theSouth Bay region of San Diego County, between the foothills of theJamul andSan Ysidro Mountains (includingLower Otay Reservoir) andSan Diego Bay on its east and west extremes, and theSweetwater River andOtay River at its north and south extremes.[96] The geography of Chula Vista is impacted by theLa Nacion andRose Canyon Fault zones;[97] it has moved rocks from Pleistocene and younger eras.[98] Yet, as late as 13,000 years ago, soils in the Rancho del Rey area have been unaffected by fault activity.[99]
Chula Vista is the second largest city, by area, withinSan Diego County.[100] According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of 52.1 square miles (135 km2), 49.6 square miles (128 km2) of it land, and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) or 4.73% of it water.
Chula Vista has within its city limits the Sweetwater Marsh unit of theSan Diego Bay NWR.[101] It also maintains several city maintained open space areas.[102]
The original Chula Vista encompasses the area west of Hilltop Drive and north of L Street.[10] The community of Montgomery was annexed by the city, after several failed attempts, in 1986;[64] The community consists of most of the area south of L Street, west of Hilltop Drive and north of San Diego's city limit.[10] Unlike East Chula Vista, West Chula Vista does not haveMello-Roos, which has been suggested to have led to those not living in West Chula Vista to develop a separate civic identity.[103]
Beginning in the late 1980s theplanned communities of Eastlake, Otay Ranch, Millenia, and Rancho del Rey began to develop in the annexed areas east ofInterstate 805 andCalifornia State Route 125. These communities expanded upon the eastern annexations of the 1970s, including the area aroundSouthwestern College.[10] In 1986, Eastlake began to be built.[21] In 1989, Rancho del Rey was established.[104] In 1999, Otay Ranch began to be built on 23,000 acres (93 km2).[105]
Although "Eastlake" properly refers only to one planned community in east Chula Vista built around an artificial pond, the name is often used to encompass a much broader suburban region along the SR 125 corridor.[106] This is in part due to the misconception that the lake which the name "Eastlake" refers to is the much largerLower Otay Reservoir.[citation needed] Many businesses and institutions throughout east Chula Vista use "Eastlake" in their names.[citation needed]
In the years around 2008 thousands ofTijuana's elite bought houses in and moved to east Chula Vista escaping violence, kidnapping and other crime taking place during that period in the Mexican metropolis only a few miles away. The Los Angeles Times wrote, "So many upper-class Mexican families live in… Eastlake… and Bonita… that… the area is becoming a gilded colony of Mexicans, where speaking English is optional and people can breathe easy cruising around in their Mercedes-Benzes and BMWs."[107] In late 2018, a newRapid bus route was created, taking passengers from theOtay Mesa Port of Entry, through eastern Chula Vista, and then intodowntown San Diego.[108]
Like the rest of lowlandSan Diego County, Chula Vista has asemi-arid climate (BSk), withmediterranean characteristics, though the winter rainfall is too low and erratic to qualify as an actual Mediterranean climate.[109]
With a moderate climate where the annual averages seldom oscillate much, there has still been a 103 °F (39 °C) high and a 24 °F (−4 °C) low recorded since the station's inception in 1918.[110] In 1949, the maximum daytime temperature was just 44 °F (7 °C) once, the lowest on record.[110] Thanks to the maritime moderation, on average the coldest day is at a very mild 57 °F (14 °C).[110] Summer nights are warmer than in coastal climates further north, but cooler than in the hot interior. The warmest low on record is 78 °F (26 °C) in 2016, while the warmest average night between 1991 and 2020 stood at 72 °F (22 °C).[110]
Climate data for Chula Vista, California (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1918–present)
As of the 2022[update]American Community Survey estimates, there were 279,158 people and 85,487 households.[131][132] Thepopulation density was 5,623.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,171.4/km2). There were 89,711 housing units at an average density of 1,807.3 per square mile (697.8/km2).[133][134][132] The racial makeup of the city was 25.1% White, 23.0% some other race, 12.6% Asian, 5.0% Black or African American, 2.0% Native American or Alaskan Native, and 0.5% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, with 31.7% from two or more races.[132]Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 64.9% of the population.[132]
Of the 85,487 households, 43.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.1% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 6.9% were couples cohabitating, 13.1% had a male householder with no partner present, and 25.6% had a female householder with no partner present.[131] The median household size was 3.25 and the median family size was 3.64.[131]
The age distribution was 25.8% under 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.9 years.[135] For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males.[132]
The median income for a household was $101,190, with family households having a median income of $107,238 and non-family households $49,392. Theper capita income was $36,572.[136][137] Out of the 277,336 people with a determined poverty status, 10.1% were below thepoverty line. Further, 13.0% of minors and 10.2% of seniors were below the poverty line.[138]
Chula Vista, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The2010 United States census[141] reported that Chula Vista had a population of 243,916. The population density was 4,682.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,807.8/km2). The racial makeup of Chula Vista was 130,991 (53.7%) White, 11,219 (4.6%) African American, 1,880 (0.8%) Native American, 35,042 (14.4%) Asian, 1,351 (0.6%) Pacific Islander, 49,171 (20.2%) from other races, and 14,262 (5.8%) from two or more races. There were 142,066 Hispanic or Latino residents, of any race (58.2%).
The census reported that 242,180 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 656 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,080 (0.4%) were institutionalized.
There were 75,515 households, out of which 36,064 (47.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 42,153 (55.8%) wereopposite-sex married couples living together, 12,562 (16.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 4,693 (6.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,720 (4.9%)unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 502 (0.7%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 12,581 households (16.7%) were made up of individuals, and 4,997 (6.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.21. There were 59,408families (78.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.60.
There were 68,126 people (27.9%) under the age of 18, 24,681 people (10.1%) aged 18 to 24, 70,401 people (28.9%) aged 25 to 44, 56,269 people (23.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 24,439 people (10.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males.
There were 79,416 housing units at an average density of 1,524.5 per square mile (588.6/km2), of which 43,855 (58.1%) were owner-occupied, and 31,660 (41.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.5%. 143,330 people (58.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 98,850 people (40.5%) lived in rental housing units.
In 2000, the city's population was 173,556. The racial make up of the city during the2000 census was 55.1% White, 22.1% other, 11% Asian, 5.8% of two or more races, 4.6% African American, 0.8% Native American, and 0.6% Pacific Islander. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 49.6%. Of these individuals, 28.7% were under the age of 18.[142][143]
In 1990, the city's population was 135,163. The racial make up of the city during the1990 census was 67.7% White, 8.2% Asian, 4.5% African American, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 0.6% Native American, and 18.1% of other races,. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 37.2%. Of these individuals, 26% were under the age of 18.[144]
In 1980, the city's population was 83,927.[145] The racial make up of the city during the1980 census was 83.1% White, 6.1% Asian and Pacific Islander, 2.1% African American, and 0.7% Native American, and 7.9% of other races. People of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 23.4% of the population.[146]
Chula Vista maintains a business atmosphere that encourages growth and development.[147] In the city, the small business sector amounts for the majority of Chula Vista's business populace.[147] This small business community is attributed to the city's growth and serves as a stable base for its economic engine.[147]
In 2001Dai Nippon Printing (DNP) stated that concentration of various ethnic groups in Chula Vista, which had multiple Japanese businesses and services, was one reason why the company chose to open an office there.[148]
Tourism serves as an economic engine for Chula Vista. The city has numerous dining, shopping, and cinema experiences.[149] As with many California cities, Chula Vista features many golf courses.[150] Some of the city's notable attractions included theLiving Coast Discovery Center,Otay Valley Regional Park,North Island Credit Union Amphitheatre,OnStage Playhouse, Chula Vista Marina,Sesame Place San Diego, and the Chula Vista Elite Athlete Training Center.[151][152] The Nature Center is home to interactive exhibits describing geologic and historic aspects of the Sweetwater Marsh andSan Diego Bay. The center has exhibits on sharks, rays, waterbirds, birds of prey, insects, and flora.[152] Otay Valley Regional Park is located partially within Chula Vista, where it covers the area of a naturalriver valley.
In the next two projected years, Chula vista will be home to a new park, the upcoming park will be in the Cota Vera neighborhood, it is estimated to cost around $7.8 million. The park will be the first in the nation to honor Filipino American veterans. A monument in the park is currently under development; the monument is privately funded. It is planned to be designed by the Filipino-American Military Officers Association (FAMOS) and members of the community.[153]
Other points of interest and events include the Chula Vista Nature Center,[157] the J Street Harbor,[158] and the Third Avenue Village.[159] Downtown Chula Vista hosts a number of cultural events, including the famous Lemon Festival, Starlight Parade, and Chula Vista Rose Festival. North Island Credit Union Amphitheater is a performing arts theatre that was the areas first major concert music facility.[160]OnStage Playhouse producescommunity theatre productions.[152][161]
In 2018, Rebels SC soccer club formed the first ever United Premier Soccer League team for the city. They played in the San Diego County League for the first two years and won the second Division before covid stopped the 2019–20 season. The Rebels SC adult team were able to win the Fall 2021 South San Diego Division and reach the National Finals but ultimately losing to FC Arizona in the round of 32.
The City of Chula Vista is a Californiacharter city operating under thecouncil–manager government form. The council is composed of four members elected from geographic districts and led by a mayor who is elected by the entire city. The city council serves as the legislative body of the city, and it appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrator.[164] Presently the city council is led by Mayor John McCann. It has four other members: Carolina Chavez (District 1),[a] Jose Preciado (District 2),[b] Michael Inzunza (District 3),[c] and Cesar Fernandez (District 4).[d][165][5] Each city council member is elected from a single-member district. Elections follow atwo-round system. The first round of the election is called theprimary election. The top-two candidates in the primary election advance to a runoff election, called thegeneral election.Write-in candidates are only allowed to contest the primary election and are not allowed in the general election. Council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit.[166] City council seats are all officially non-partisan by state law, although most members identify a party preference. The most recent general election was held in November 2024 for Districts 3 and 4. The next elections for these seats will be held in 2028. General elections for Mayor and Districts 1 and 2 were last held in November 2022. The next election for these seats will be in 2026.
According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $462.4 million in Revenues, $329.6 million in expenditures, $2.059 billion in total assets and $623.0 million in total liabilities.City of Chula Vista CAFR
As of January 2013[update], out of the city's total population, 114,125 are registered to vote, up from 103,985 in 2009; the three largest registered parties in the city are the Democratic Party with 47,986,Republican Party with 31,633, andDecline to State with 29,692.[172] In a survey conducted by The Bay Area Center for Voting Research in 2004, it found that Chula Vista had a 50.59%conservative vote compared to a 49.41%liberal vote.[173]
The city has been trying since 1986 to get a university located in the city.[177] In 1993, the city adopted the Otay Ranch General Development Plan, which included a four-year university as a part of its vision.[178] In 2012, the city acquired a 375-acre (152 ha) parcel of land in the Otay Lakes area intended for the development of a University Park and Research Center, and chose a master developer for the project;[178] who later backed out of the project.[179] State AssemblymemberShirley Weber has proposed that the state open a satellite or extension campus of the California State University system at the site, with the hope that it will grow into a full university.[180] CVCU was founded in 2020.[181]
^"About Chula Vista". City of Chula Vista. 2012. Archived fromthe original on March 8, 2013. RetrievedMarch 22, 2013.Chula Vista means "beautiful view" and there is more to see and do here than you can imagine! "Grow Lemons for Pleasure and Profit".Rural Californian. Rural Californian. 1893. p. 490.The San Diego Land and Town Company own 5,000 acres of beautiful mesa land adjoining the thriving town of National City, and named it Chula Vista (most exquisitely beautiful view) with a gentle rising slope from the Bay of San Diego to the east. Bowler, Edward; Bowler, Barbara (October 2002).Cruising Guide to San Diego Bay. Paradise Cay Publications. p. 189.ISBN978-0-939837-55-7.
^"Chula Vista (city), California".Quick Facts. United States Census Bureau. April 22, 2015. Archived fromthe original on August 5, 2012. RetrievedMay 22, 2015.Population, 2010 243,916
^abcdSchoenherr, Steven (October 29, 2004)."Otay Valley".San Diego Local History. University of San Diego. Archived fromthe original on May 9, 2008. RetrievedMay 12, 2018.
^Schoenherr, Steven (February 4, 2015)."SBHS News . . ".SunnyCV.com. South Bay Historical Society. Archived fromthe original on September 10, 2015. RetrievedMay 12, 2018.
^Coast 2 Coast Environmental, Inc. (November 5, 2010).Phase I Environmental Site Assessment(PDF) (Report). County of San Diego. RetrievedMay 12, 2018.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Schoenherr, Steven (October 29, 2004)."Otay Valley".Schoenherr Home Page. South Bay Historical Society. RetrievedMarch 4, 2020.
^"Historic Homes".About Chula Vista. City of Chula Vista. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2019. Frank M. Roseman; Peter J. Watry (2010).Chula Vista. Arcadia Publishing. p. 18.ISBN978-0-7385-8016-6. Schoenherr, Steve (July 29, 2012)."Jewish History in Chula Vista"(PDF). Jewish American Society for Historical Preservation. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2019.
^Soto, Onell R. (September 21, 2008)."Equal-rights gains have local roots".San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived fromthe original on September 30, 2018. RetrievedMay 1, 2018. Five Views. State of California--the Resources Agency, Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation. 1988. pp. 194–195. Niiya 1993, p. 280
^Sanford, Jay Allen (August 1, 2008)."Drive-In Theaters in San Diego: Complete Illustrated History 1947 thru 2008 (45 new pics added 7-4-09!)".San Diego Reader. RetrievedMay 3, 2018.The Big Sky Drive-In opened in June 1955 at 2245 Main Street in Chula Vista. With 21 acres of space, its car capacity of 2000 made it one of the four largest ozones in the U.S. (Los Aitos in Long Beach held 2100 while the 41 Twin in Franklin, Wisconsin, and the Twin Open Air in Oak Lawn, Illinois, were the same size as the Big Sky.) Sanford, Jay Allen (July 6, 2006)."Field of Screens".San Diego Reader. p. 5. RetrievedMay 3, 2018.
^"Chula Vista".Olympic Training Centers/Sites & Tours. United States Olympic Committee. 2013. Archived fromthe original on September 16, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2013.
^"Data Series 233".U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Department of the Interior. March 8, 2007. RetrievedMarch 8, 2017.
^Taylor 2016, p. 67 Weisberg, Lori; Berestein, Leslie (May 14, 2009)."County not go-to spot for Latinos in region".San Diego Union-Tribune. RetrievedMay 3, 2018.The newcomers tend to gravitate toward North County, he said, and the transplants near the border in the Chula Vista area. Marosi, Richard (June 7, 2008)."U.S. a haven for Tijuana elite".Los Angeles Times. RetrievedMay 3, 2018.So many upper-class Mexican families live in the Eastlake neighborhood and Bonita, an unincorporated community adjacent to Chula Vista, that residents say the area is becoming a gilded colony of Mexicans, where speaking English is optional and people can breathe easy cruising around in their Mercedes-Benzes and BMWs. "Wealthy Mexicans Flee Tijuana for U.S. to Escape Kidnappings".Fox News. Associated Press. January 9, 2007. RetrievedMay 3, 2018.
^Cana, Eliza (December 3, 2015)."Chula Vista Scholar to the Philippines".The Sun.Southwestern College. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. RetrievedMarch 15, 2017.Chula Vista has quietly become the Philippines 2.0. With nearly 31,244 Pinoy living in the city, according to the American Community Survey in the Census.
^Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles; Union of Pan Asian Communities; M. Jamie Watson; Sam Chen; SunDried Penguin (2015).A Community of Contrasts(PDF) (Report). Union of Pan Asian Communities. RetrievedMay 10, 2018.
^"Sweetwater Marsh".U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Department of the Interior. July 9, 2010. Archived fromthe original on July 7, 2010. RetrievedMarch 19, 2011.
^"Open Space".Public Works Operations. City of Chula Vista. Archived fromthe original on March 21, 2012. RetrievedMarch 19, 2011.
^Jason Alderman; Gitanjali Gurudatt Borkar; Amanda Garrett; Lindsay Hogan; Janet Kim; Winston Le; Veronica Louie; Alissa Marque; Phil Reiff; Colin Christopher Richard; Peter Thai; Tania Wang; Craig Wickersham."The Most Conservative and Liberal Cities in the United States"(PDF). The Bay Area Center for Voting Research. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 20, 2011. RetrievedJuly 8, 2012.
^"Community"(PDF).2011 Membership & Resource Guide. Chula Vista Chamber of Commerce. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 13, 2012. RetrievedJuly 25, 2011.Located between the City of San Diego and United States/Mexico International Border, the Chula Vista Elementary School District is the largest K-6 district in the state
^Srikrishnan, Maya (October 27, 2015)."Chula Vista Is a College Town in Search of a College".Voice of San Diego. RetrievedMarch 7, 2017.South Bay residents longed for a four-year school of their own at least as far back as 1986.
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