Chrysostomos of Smyrna | |
|---|---|
 Photograph of St. Chrysostomos of Smyrna. | |
| New-Hieromartyr | |
| Born | 8 January 1867 Triglia,Bursa Vilayet,Ottoman Empire (NowTirilye,Turkey) |
| Died | 9 September 1922 Smyrna,Greek Zone of Smyrna (nowİzmir,Turkey) |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Canonized | 4 November 1992 byChurch of Greece |
| Feast | Sunday before the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (7-13 September) |
| Attributes | Episcopal vestments, usually holding a staff or a Gospel. |
Chrysostomos Kalafatis (Greek:Χρυσόστομος Καλαφάτης; 8 January 1867 – 9 September 1922), also known asSaint Chrysostomos of Smyrna,[1]Chrysostomos of Smyrna andMetropolitan Chrysostom, was theGreek Orthodoxmetropolitan bishop ofSmyrna (İzmir) between 1910 and 1914, and again from 1919 until his death in 1922. He was born in Triglia (todayTirilye) in the thenOttoman Empire (now part ofTurkey) in 1867. He aided the Greek campaign in Smyrna in 1919 and was subsequently killed by a lynch mob after Turkish troops took back the city at the end of theGreco-Turkish War of 1919–1922.[2] He was declared amartyr and asaint of theEastern Orthodox Church by the Holy Synod of theChurch of Greece on 4 November 1992.[3]
Kalafatis was born in Triglia (Tirilye) in 1867, one of eight children born to Nikolaos and Kalliopi Lemonidos Kalafatis. He studied at theTheological School of Halki starting at the age of 17,[3] and after graduating served as Archdeacon toKonstantinos Valiadis, the then Metropolitan of Mytilene. Kalafatis served as chancellor and in 1902 became the Metropolitan ofDrama, a city in northeastern Greece. His vocal nationalism caused theSublime Porte to request his removal in 1907, and he eventually returned to Triglia. In 1910 Kalafatis became theMetropolitan of Smyrna.[3]
Kalafatis had not been in good terms with the Ottoman authorities and he was displaced in 1914. When theHellenic Armyoccupied Smyrna in 1919, at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish war, Kalafatis was reinstated to his office as metropolitan bishop. Chrysostomos was on bad terms with High CommissionerStergiadis (appointed by the Greek Prime MinisterVenizelos in 1919) due to the latter's strict stance against discrimination and abuse in dealing with the local Turks, and his opposition to inflammatory nationalist rhetoric used in sermons, which he perceived as too political.[4][5] US diplomatGeorge Horton described how Stergiadis interrupted an important service at the Orthodox Cathedral in Smyrna:[6]
Archbishop Chrysostom (he who was later murdered by the Turks) began to introduce some politics into his sermon, a thing which he was extremely prone to do. Stergiades, who was standing near him, interrupted, saying: "But I told you I didn’t want any of this."
Chrysostomos was an ardent supporter of the cause ofGreek nationalism, while Stergiadis was seen by some as behaving in a perversely defeatist manner.[7] Chrysostomos wrote to (no longer Prime Minister) Eleftherios Venizelos in 1922, as Turkish troops were approaching, and shortly before theGreat Fire of Smyrna, warning that "Hellenism in Asia Minor, the Greek State and the entire Greek Nation are descending now into Hell," and partially blaming him for his appointment of Stergiadis, "an utterly deranged egotist", even though he was an ardent supporter of Venizelos.[8]
After the defeat and retreat of the Hellenic Army in August 1922, Chrysostomos declined the offer to leave the city and decided to stay.
On 10 September (Julian style – 27 August) 1922, soon after the Turkish army had moved into Smyrna, a Turkish officer and two soldiers took Chrysostomos from the office of the cathedral and delivered him to the Turkish commander-in-chief,Nureddin Pasha, the general who is said to have decided to hand him over to a Turkish mob who murdered him. Horton adds that there is no sufficient proof of the veracity of this statement, yet it is certain that he was killed by the mob.[9] Horton, who was in Smyrna at the time until the evening of 13 September 1922 just before theBurning of Smyrna,[10] mentions that he did not witness the events and also inaccurately gives 9 September as the date of Chrysostomos death.[11]
Fahrettin Altay who witnessed the entry of the Metropolitan and the lynching mentions in his memoirs that religious leaders of the various millets were coming to congratulateMustafa Kemal. Chrysostomos also came to congratulate with a Greek member of the City council. Münir Kocaçıtak, the legal counsel of the cavalry side army, said; "Do not allow this priest inside without searching him first. He is a well knownkomitadji, he may wish to make a last sacrifice by bringing a bomb with him." He was searched by the aide-de-camp of Nureddin Pasha and squad commander of the cavalry side army Nazım fromAfyon, yet nothing was found. Fahrettin Altay then went upstairs and said to Mustafa Kemal that Chrysostomos came. He jokingly said to Nureddin Pasha the following and sent him outside to meet the Metropolitan: "He is your friend! Go see him, I do not want to see him". Fahrettin Altay states that he was in the room where the Metropolitan was taken together with Nureddin Pasha. There, Nureddin Pasha said: "Do you see how the justice of Allah has come to be! You are now ashamed of what you have done, right?" Chrysostomos replied: "I am accused. I do not know anything. I am not guilty". Nureddin Pasha then stated to the Metropolitan that he is no longer recognized and will not be accepted as the Metropolitan of Smyrna and that he should leave and appoint someone else in his place. After his reply, the Metropolitan with his followers left the building. After he left, he was grabbed by his beard by a captain who was in the crowd outside and who had witnessed the first day of the Greekoccupation of Smyrna. He harassed the Metropolite saying: "How can a man of the cloth do this? Is it befitting to a man of religion?" He then had the Metropolitan scream "Ζήτω ο Μουσταφά Κεμάλ / Zito o Mustafa Kemal!" ("Long live Mustafa Kemal!"). The captain told him that Brigadier GeneralSüleyman Fethi under the threat of Greek bayonets did not say "Ζήτω ο Βενιζέλος / Zito o Venizelos" and had his blood spilled.[12]
According to French soldiers who witnessed the lynching, but were under strict orders from their commanding officer not to intervene:
"The mob took possession of Metropolitan Chrysostom and carried him away... A little further on, in front of an Italian hairdresser named Ismail... they stopped and the Metropolitan was slipped into a white hairdresser's overall. They began to beat him with their fists and sticks and to spit on his face. They riddled him with stabs. They tore his beard off, they gouged his eyes out, they cut off his nose and ears."[13]
Bishop Chrysostomos was then dragged (according to some sources,[14] by a car or truck) into a backstreet of the Iki Cheshmeli district where he died soon after.[13]Fahrettin Altay states that Mustafa Kemal was upset and said; "This should not have happened". He adds that the Metropolitan's black staff with an ivory,Byzantine Eagle head, which he had given to the soldier at the door of the building upon his entry, disappeared. He states that it should have been put into a museum.[12]
Metropolitan Chrysostomos was survived by his nephews, among whom was Ioannis Elefteriades, who witnessed the arrest and execution of his uncle. He escaped as a refugee toLebanon, where today his grandsonMichel Elefteriades is a well-known Greek-Lebanese artist and producer.[15]
The archbishop was among those massacred during the next month in the Turkish sack of Smyrna.
