| Christmas in Ukraine | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Also called | Ukrainian:Різдво,Rizdvo |
| Observed by | Christians, many non-Christians |
| Type | Christian, cultural |
| Significance | Commemoration of thenativity of Jesus |
| Celebrations | Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting, etc. |
| Observances | Church services |
| Date |
|
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | Nativity Fast |
InUkraine,Christmas celebrations traditionally start onChristmas Eve, (which is now December 24) and last until January 6, the date of the celebration of thebaptism of Jesus, known inUkraine asVodokhreshche orYordan, according to theGregorian calendar andRevised Julian calendar by theOrthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), theCatholic Church in Ukraine (including theLatin andGreek Catholics) andUkrainian Protestants.
TheUkrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (except for theRomanian parishes)[1] and some parishes of the OCU celebrate Christmas according to theJulian calendar, so the Gregorian holidays last from January 6 to January 19.
Christmas was largely erased from the Ukrainian calendar for much of the 20th century due to theSoviet Union's anti-religious policies, but many of its traditions survived and are being revived again. In 2023, for the first time since 1917,Christmas Day in Ukraine was officially on December 25.
In Ukraine, the Christmas holiday became the official celebration with thebaptism of Rus' ordered byPrince Vladimir in the year 988.[2] However, given the early Christian community ofKievan Rus', the celebration may have a longer history.
In the 19th century, a lavishly decorated Christmas tree became central to the holiday, a tradition originally imported byNicholas I's wife,Alexandra Feodorovna, from her nativePrussia. The tradition of giving gifts to children on Christmas took root around the same time.[3] Christmas gifts were traditionally brought byDid Moroz orGrandfather Frost, the Ukrainian counterpart ofSaint Nicholas orFather Christmas, albeit a little taller and less stout. Rooted in Slavic folklore, Ded Moroz is accompanied by his beautiful granddaughter,Snegurka, the snowmaiden), who rides with him on a sleigh pulled by a trio of horses.[3]
During the earlySoviet period, all religious celebrations were discouraged under the official state policy ofatheism. TheBolsheviks argued that Christmas was apagansun-worshipping ritual with no basis in scientific fact and denounced theChristmas tree as abourgeois German import.[3] In 1929, all religious holidays, including Christmas, were abolished by a decree of theStalinist regime.[4] However, in a surprising turn of state politics in 1935, many Ukrainian Christmas traditions were revived as part of a secularNew Year's celebration restored in the Soviet Union. The Christmas tree was repurposed as a "New Year's fir tree" to be admired by all children throughout theSoviet Union, including those in republics that had not historically celebrated Christmas due to their different religious traditions, such as theCentral Asian ones. Other Ukrainian Christmas attributes and traditions, such asgift-giving, Did Moroz's visits and Christmas decorations, lost their religious significance and became associated with New Year's celebrations, which were secular in nature.[3]
In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Christmas was reinstated alongside other religious holidays.[3] Especially in recent years, there has been a shift from Did Moroz, who came to be associated with the Soviet-era heritage, to the more traditionalSaint Nicholas, who used to be more popular inWestern Ukraine.[5]
Ukraine declared 25 December as apublic holiday in 2017 for the Christmas commemorations and festivities in thelocal Protestant andCatholic churches.[6] From 2017 to 2022 Ukrainians had two different public holidays commemorating Christmas, 7 January (the date of the holiday according to theJulian calendar) and 25 December (the date of the holiday according to theGregorian and Revised Julian calendars).[6] Since 2023 Christmas is only officially celebrated in Ukraine on 25 December.[7][8][9][10][11] This was done as a part of anofficial campaign to remove Russian influence in Ukraine.[7]
Traditional Ukrainian Christmas festivities last from December 24 to January 6, the date of the celebration of thebaptism of Jesus, which known in Ukraine asVodokhreshche orYordan,[12] according to theOrthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU),[13] theCatholic Church (includingLatin andUkrainian Greek Catholics[14]), and mostProtestants.
As of 2017, 25 December, Christmas Day by theGregorian calendar, became an official government holiday in Ukraine. TheEastern Orthodox Churches predominantly follow the Julian calendar, and 7 January is also apublic holiday in Ukraine.[15] In December 2020, the head of theOrthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU),Metropolitan Epiphanius, said that changing the date of Christmas to 25 December in Ukraine is possible after both the church and the faithful are ready for such a decision, after conducting educational work. It was stated that the postponement of the celebration of the nativity of The Lord would entail a change in the dates of all fixed holidays to 13 days ago.[16] In December 2020, the head of theUkrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC),Patriarch Sviatoslav, stated that the Greek Catholic Church would resolve this issue "together with our Orthodox brothers". He also noted that this issue is not dogmatic, it should overcome church divisions, not cause new ones, and in his opinion, the transition to celebrating Christmas in a new style — 25 December, should be initiated by the laity.
About a hundred parishes of theRomanian national minority in Ukraine, which are part of theUkrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, have always celebrated Christmas on December 25 according to theRevised Julian calendar, just like theRomanian Orthodox Church.[1]
On 18 October 2022, the OCU allowed dioceses to hold Christmas services according to the Revised Julian calendar, i.e., 25 December. In the case of a divine service, its participants are released from the restrictions of fasting on this day.[17]
On 24 December 2022, during anaudience,Major Archbishop Sviatoslav handed over toMetropolitan Epiphanius for review a letter outlining the considerations of the UGCC hierarchs regarding thecalendar reform [uk]. The primates decided to create a joint working group on specific proposals for calendar reform. The joint group is initiated on the occasion of the celebration of the 1700th anniversary of theFirst Ecumenical Council, held inNicaea in 325. In thisCouncil, in particular, the calendar principles of church life were determined.[18][19][20]
On February 2, 2023, the Holy Synod of the OCU allowed and approved the procedure for blessing parishes and monasteries for the full use of the Revised Julian calendar,[21] and on May 24, 2023, to hold a meeting of the Council of Bishops, where the issue of calendar reform will be raised.[22]
In February 2023 the UGCC decided to switch to the Revised Julian calendar for fixed holidays (і.e., except forEaster) from September 2023.[23]Parishes of the UGCC that are not ready to switch to the new style in 2023 have a transition period until September 1, 2025, to make the change.[14]
Effective 24 May 2023, the OCU officially declared that 25 December will be the permanent date for Christmas commemorations and festivities for the Ukrainian Orthodox faithful, as the Church officially formalized the adoption of the Revised Julian calendar for fixed feasts and solemnities in line with the other Orthodox churches of the world, with Easter kept in the old Julian Calendar.[13][24][25] On July 27, theLocal Council approved the transition.[26]
On 28 June 2023President of Ukraine,Volodymyr Zelenskyy, submitted to theVerkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) a draft law removing the Julian Calendar Christmas holiday on January 7 and confirming the December 25 date as the sole day of celebrations, reflecting changes in the OCU and UGCC calendars.[27][28] Parliament passed this law on 14 July 2023 with 241 deputies voting in the affirmative.[29] Zelensky signed the law on 28 July 2023.[30][31]
According to a study conducted by the international companyDeloitte in November 2023, after the transition of Ukrainian Christian churches to the new style, the majority ofUkrainians (about 45%) will celebrate Christmas on December 25 and only 17% on January 7, and 32% plan to celebrate twice.[32][33] In 2023, for the first time since 1917,Christmas Day in Ukraine was marked on just one day - December 25, the same date across almost all Christian faiths around the globe.[34]
TheArmenian Diocese of Ukraine [hy] of theArmenian Apostolic Church and theArmenian Catholic Church in Ukraine celebrates Christmas from January 5 to January 6 along with Epiphany according to the Gregorian calendar.[35][36]
Christmas Eve on December 24 is called Sviatyi Vechir (Святий вечір) or Sviatvechir (Святвечір) in Ukraine ("Holy Evening"), and has many customs and rituals, most of which predate the introduction of Christianity to Ukraine. Traditions include decorating house and dinner table with special attributes (a symbolic sheaf of wheat called thedidukh,garlic, hay, and others), performingkoliadky ('carols') and so on. Each ritual has its own meaning and purpose, as such a few wisps of hay on the embroidered tablecloth as a reminder of the manger inBethlehem. One prominent custom of the night is a special supper, calledSviata Vecheria ("Holy Supper").[37]
On the afternoon of the day, a St. Basil Divine Liturgy is held in parishes to mark the formal close of theChristmas Fast within the OCU and UGCC that began in November, which includes commemorations of theHolodomor of the 1930s, the liturgy follows a Christmas version of theRoyal Hours.
Ukrainians of the OCU and UGCC fast and abstain on Sviatyi Vechir (Latin Church Catholics and Protestants may choose also to follow tradition on said day) - it is one of a few paramony days in the Eastern Rite calendar wherein mandatory fasting and abstinence is observed; only when the first star is seen in the evening sky, or just after the faithful have received Communion in the afternoon service, may the supper begin. The family comes together to have a dinner which usually includes 12 dishes (the number can vary from 7–17). These twelve dishes are traditionally vegan plus fish, and do not contain meat, milk, or eggs.[38] While the dishes served can vary regionally, as well as from family to family, the two mandatory dishes areuzvar andkutia, both reckoned by ethnographerKhvedir Vovk to be remnants of ancient rituals which date back to theNeolithic era.[39]Kutia (a dish of grain, honey and poppy seeds) is traditionally served first at the meal, after being offered by the head of the household to the frost. A spoonful is tossed at the ceiling, and in rural townships the number of poppy seeds which stick portends the bountyfulness of the fields, orchards and farm animals in the coming year. It is rarely served at other times of the year.[40]Uzvar is a beverage, made with cooked dried fruits and berries. It can be mixed in with thekutia, or served separately at the end of the meal. Servings of both dishes are also set aside overnight in thepokuttia, the corner of the house with the Orthodox/Eastern Catholic icons or Latin Catholic images of saints, for deceased ancestors within the family or, in recent cases, for family members killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War (especially those who were KIA in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other uniformed organizations).
The All-Night Christmas Vigil then follows, families then troop to their local parish churches or Protestant churches to attend as thanksgiving for the Savior's birth in a stable. OCU and UGCC Divine Liturgy, Catholic Midnight Mass or a Protestant service would then traditionally follow. On Christmas Eve night ashopka (vertep), a traditional portablenativity scene, carried by children or adults alike, and used to represent the Nativity and other figures in apuppet form, is brought out in public, the portable tall box is either accompanied by singing carollers or crowds either before or after the vigil service.[41]
The principal national television and online services on the night are beamed live from:
Following the Vigil, on December 25 families return to the aforementioned places of worship for Mass, Divine Liturgy or a holiday service. Unlike the previous day, meat and other foods are eaten during the day. This day and the days following up to January 4 are fast-free days.
At the end of theSviata Vechera, and thevigil that follows, Ukrainian families often sing carols (koliadky). In some communities the ancient Ukrainian tradition of caroling is carried on by groups of young people and members of organizations and churches calling at homes and collecting donations. Well-known carols includeNova radist stala [uk],Boh predvichnyi narodyvsia,[42]Dobryi vechir tobi, pane hospodariu [uk],Vo Vyfleiemi nyni novyna [uk],Nebo i zemlia nyni torzhestvuiut [uk], andBoh sia rozhdaie [uk].
In villages (farming communities), the head of the household brings in a sheaf of grain called thedidukh which represents the importance of the ancient and rich wheat crops of Ukraine, the staff of life through the centuries.Didukh means literally "grandfather spirit" so it symbolizes the family's ancestors. In Ukrainian city homes the didukh may be purchased, and is often made of woven grain and dried grasses and flowers.[43]
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