Jul orjol ([jʉːɽ]) is the term used for theChristmas holiday season inScandinavia and parts ofScotland. Originally,jul was the name of amonth in the oldGermanic calendar. The concept ofjul as a period of time rather than a specific event prevailed in Scandinavia; in modern times,jul is a period of time stretching from the fourth Sunday beforeChristmas Eve, December 24, to (traditionally) mid-January at the date ofEpiphany with the month of December and Christmas, and the week up to theNew Year, as its highlight. The modern Englishyule andyuletide are cognates with this term.[1]
The termjul is common throughoutNorway,Sweden,Denmark,Iceland,Greenland, Scotland and theFaroe Islands.
Whereas the start ofjul proper is announced by the chiming ofchurch bells throughout the country in the afternoon of 24 December, it is more accurate to describe the season as an eight-week event. It consists of five phases:Advent,julaften,romjul,nyttår, and The End of Christmas, very often withEpiphany, the thirteenth day of Christmas, as the final day of the season. From the original beginning on Christmas Day, the custom ofJulebord has spread to the entire season and beyond, often beginning well in advance of December.
The modern day celebration is largely based on theChurch year and has retained several pre-Reformation and pre-Christian elements.
The central event in Scandinavia isChristmas Eve (julaften), when the main Christmas meal is served and gifts are exchanged. This might be due to the old Germanic custom of counting time in nights, not days (e.g.fortnight), as it holds for other holidays like Midsummer Eve (Jonsok, lit. 'Wake of St. John') and St. Olav's Mass (Olsok, lit. 'Wake of St. Olav'), with the main celebration on the eve of the official church day.
| The month of Jul | ||
| Year | From | To |
| 2012 | 13 November | 13 December |
| 2013 | 3 November | 3 December |
| 2014 | 22 November | 22 December |
| 2015 | 11 November | 11 December |
Jul orJol are cognates of NorseJòlnir orÝlir, which are alternate names ofOdin, although the root itself is debated.[citation needed]Jul was celebrated during the second moon (from new moon to new moon) of the winter half of the year – roughly from the new moon of November to the new moon of December. At this time, the animals for slaughter were the fattest, flour had been processed, all the work of autumn was completed, and it was time to celebrate.
The time of celebration has varied. According to written sources such as the legislation ofGulaþing, it was mandatory for farmers to have a beer-drinking party with at least three farmers attending. If a farmer was so far away from his neighbours that this was difficult, he still had to brew as much beer as if he had been taking part in such a party. The beer should be ready by November 1.
The tradition of Yule ale and "drinkingjul" is symbolized by a drinking horn on December 25 on theRunic calendar, with an upside-down drinking horn depicted on January 13, symbolizing that the ale should be finished by then.[2]
According to the wording of the legislation, there are two celebrations where beer drinking was mandatory. The first was a form of thanksgiving (where at least three farmers attended), while the second was a smaller party for the family.
The old tradition of brewing Yule ale and drinking in honor of theÆsir, friends, and kinfolk also remained in the time followingChristianization, with the law demanding people to brew enough as well as strong enough. However, people were now to drink in honor ofChrist and thevirgin Mary instead.[3][4]
The figure of the mischievous but gift-bearing Norsenisse, a mythological creature associated with thewinter solstice inScandinavian folklore, is a white-bearded, red-wearing ancestral spirit also known asJulenissen ('Jul spirit'), which has been integrated with the figure ofSinterklaas to comprise the modern-day figure ofSanta Claus. Like the cookies traditionally left for Santa Claus today, it was customary to leave a bowl of rice porridge with butter for theJul spirit in gratitude.[5] The food represented a sacramental meal. Sacramental meals were formally calledblót—in this particular instance,yuleblót orwinterblót.
As usual in thewestern world, Christmas features Christmas dinner, decorated Christmas trees and the exchange of gifts. Gifts are brought byJulenissen ('ChristmasHob' or 'the ChristmasWight', who today appears identical to Santa Claus).
Remnants of customs from the older agrarian society include decoration with boughs of green from spruce or fir, e.g. on the doormat, and asheaf of wheat (julenek) hung outside.
Culinary traditions vary regionally. InNorthern andWestern Norway,pinnekjøtt (ribs of mutton which are salted and dried, and some places also smoked, and then steamed) is a common dish, whereaslutefisk andcod are popular inSouthern Norway. InEastern Norway andCentral Norway, pork rib roast is common, usually served withmedisterkaker andmedisterpølser (meatballs and sausages made of minced pork meat with suet).Turkey has recently made its way into the variety of cuisines enjoyed duringjul.
Other traditional foods are eaten atførste juledags frokost, a Christmas Day luncheon where the household serves all available delicacies in a grand buffet. Families might serve several kinds of meat such as ham,fenalår (leg of lamb), cooked cured leg of lamb, pickled pigs' trotters, head cheese, mutton roll, pork roll, or ox tongue; and several kinds of fish such as smoked salmon,gravlax,rakfisk, and pickled herring. There will also be a range of cheeses and various types of jam. After the meal, tradition prescribes serving seven kinds ofjulebakst, pastries and coffee breads associated with the holiday.Gingerbread and gingerbread houses are commonly decorated with sugar frosting. In some instances, gingerbread cookies are used for decorating windows as well as the Christmas tree. Although originating in Sweden, strawberry-flavoured marshmallow Santa Claus candy called "juleskum" is also commonly eaten in Norway.
On Christmas Eve, many families eatrisengrynsgrøt, a type of riceporridge that includes a singlealmond, scalded of its skin to leave it white. Whoever gets the almondwins a prize, usually amarzipan pig.
Brewing is closely associated with the preparations forjul, and most Norwegianbreweries release a traditional Christmasbeer, which is darker, stronger and more flavorful than the common Norwegianlagers. Breweries also produce a special soda, known asjulebrus.Aquavit is also commonly served as adigestif to accompany the heavy, often fatty meals.
Julebord is a holidaybanquet, often in the form of abuffet, at which is served traditional Christmas foods and alcoholic beverages. The period during whichjulebord is hosted begins in November and overlaps the beginning of Advent. The tradition has its roots in the communal parties held in medieval Norway as part of theGulaþing.
As times have changed since 1000 CE, the labor-intensive tradition of servingjulebord at home is vanishing; the custom is moving out of private life to become an end-of-the year corporate social gathering, usually at a restaurant or a rented facility with ordered catering.[citation needed] In most cases employers only invite employees, not their families. There is typically one party for every employer and other organizations that one might be a member of, as well as large corporations inviting important clients, and non-alcoholic parties at schools and kindergartens.
Advent starts with the fourth Sunday before Christmas.
December 1 to 24, it is common for children to have their ownAdvent calendar which contains one small gift for each day leading up to Christmas. Typically it contains sweets like chocolate, small toys or in later yearsLEGO bricks encouraging building of a small piece of a larger Lego-construction throughout the calendar.[citation needed]
December 23 also has special status aslille julaften, 'Little Christmas Eve'. Many use this day to decorate the Christmas tree if they have not already done so. Some allow children to open one small present as a teaser for the day to come.
Onjulaften, Christmas Eve, many families gather around the TV in the morning to watch theCzech movieThree Wishes for Cinderella (narrated by a voiceover inNorwegian byKnut Risan), followed byReisen til Julestjernen (1976) and aDisney Christmas special. Some children get a Christmas stocking with candy when they wake up. Often, the parents use this time to prepare the Christmas dinner. Many families go to church before dinner, even many who never go to church otherwise. It is common to eat rice porridge for lunch, and dinner is usually at 5 p.m., when the church bells ring to symbolize the beginning of the main holiday. It is calledringe julen inn, "ringing in Christmas". After dinner and dessert (often leftover rice porridge mixed with whipped cream, calledriskrem, served with a red berry sauce), the gifts are opened.
Romjul is the week between Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve, known in English as the 'Interscotia'.[citation needed]All hunting, but not fishing, is prohibited on these days; duringjulefred ("Christmas Peace") there is a closed season on all wild animals.
The First and Second Day of Christmas (December 25 and 26) are holidays, and all businesses are closed.
December 25 is usually considered a very private holiday, when one sees only family. On December 26, it is fairly common to invite close friends over to help eat up what is left of the food from Christmas Eve.
Julebukk translates to 'Yule goat'. Today it is commonly known as a goat figurine made out of straw, created in the beginning of December often used as a Christmas ornament. The Yule Goat's oldest representation is that of Thorr's magical goats, which would lead him through the night sky. The Yule Goat was also a spirit that would protect the house during Yuletide and it was tradition to sacrifice a goat to the Gods and accompanying spirits during the time span between the Winter Solstice "Winter Night" and the New Year calledromjul. It was duringromjul that a goat orjulebukk was sacrificed; adults then donned guises to personify thejulebukk. Animal masks and skins, commonly goats and horses, were donned in an activity called "hoodening". Participants would parade from house to house, disguising their voices, singing, offering spiritual protection and warnings. The group would receive small amounts of money, food and drink in exchange for the blessing they offered.
December 31 is commonly a half day at work. In the evening, families tend to have a dinner party similar to the Christmas Eve dinner, though it is common to invite friends and/or neighbours. As midnight approaches, it is common to leave the house and light upfireworks together with neighbours, as they congratulate each other.
The exact date that endsjul varies. One common date is the thirteenth day of Christmas, Epiphany, of the Mass of St. Knut, on January 7. Another is the oldgisladag ortjuendedag, the twentieth day, on January 13, also calledEpiphany Day. ByCandlemas on February 2, the Christmas tree and all decorations have usually been removed.
