Christina Hoff Sommers | |
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| Born | Christina Marie Hoff (1950-09-28)September 28, 1950 (age 75) |
| Occupation | Author, philosopher, university professor, scholar at theAmerican Enterprise Institute |
| Education | New York University (BA) Brandeis University (MA,PhD) |
| Notable works | Who Stole Feminism?,The War Against Boys,Vice and Virtue in Everyday Life |
| Spouse | Frederic Tamler Sommers (d. 2014) |
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Christina Marie Hoff Sommers (born September 28, 1950)[1] is an American author and philosopher. Specializing inethics, she is a resident scholar at theAmerican Enterprise Institute.[2][3][4] Sommers is known for her critique of contemporaryfeminism.[5][6][7] Her work includes the booksWho Stole Feminism? (1994) andThe War Against Boys (2000). She also hosts a video blog calledThe Factual Feminist.
Sommers' positions and writing have been characterized by theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as "equity feminism", aclassical-liberal orlibertarian feminist perspective holding that the main political role of feminism is to ensure that the right against coercive interference is not infringed.[8] Sommers has contrasted equity feminism with what she termsvictim feminism andgender feminism.[9][10] Several writers have described Sommers' positions asanti-feminist.[11][12][13]
Sommers was born in 1950 to Kenneth and Dolores Hoff,[14] and was raised inSouthern California.[15] Her parents named her after the English poetChristina Rossetti.[16] She has said that her mother wasJewish, but that she was not raised religious.[16] She attended theUniversity of Paris, earned aB.A. degree atNew York University in 1971, and earned aPh.D. degree in philosophy fromBrandeis University in 1979.[17][18]
Sommers has called herself anequity feminist,[19][20][21]equality feminist,[22][23] andliberal feminist[24][25] TheStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy categorizes equity feminism aslibertarian orclassically liberal.[8]
Several authors have described Sommers' positions asantifeminist.[11][12][13] The feminist philosopherAlison Jaggar wrote in 2006 that, in rejectingthe theoretical distinction betweensex as a set of physiological traits andgender as a set of social identities, "Sommers rejected one of the distinctive conceptual innovations of second wave Western feminism," arguing that as the concept of gender is allegedly relied on by "virtually all" modern feminists, "the conclusion that Sommers is an anti-feminist instead of a feminist is difficult to avoid".[25] Sommers has denied that she is anti-feminist.[26]
Sommers has criticizedwomen's studies as being dominated byman-hating feminists with an interest in portraying women as victims.[27] According toThe Nation, Sommers would tell her students that "statistically challenged" feminists in women's studies departments engage in "bad scholarship to advance their liberal agenda".[28]
Sommers has denied the existence of thegender pay gap.[29][further explanation needed]
From 1978 to 1980, Sommers was an instructor at theUniversity of Massachusetts at Boston.[30] In 1980, she became an assistant professor of philosophy atClark University and was promoted to associate professor in 1986. Sommers remained at Clark until 1997, when she became the W.H. Brady fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.[17]During the mid-1980s, Sommers edited two philosophy textbooks on the subject of ethics:Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life: Introductory Readings in Ethics (1984) andRight and Wrong: Basic Readings in Ethics (1986). ReviewingVice and Virtue forTeaching Philosophy in 1990, Nicholas Dixon wrote that the book was "extremely well edited" and "particularly strong on the motivation for studying virtue and ethics in the first place, and on theoretical discussions of virtue and vice in general."[31]
Beginning in the late 1980s, Sommers published a series of articles in which she strongly criticized feminist philosophers andAmerican feminism in general.[32][33] According to philosopherMarilyn Friedman, Sommers blamed feminists for contributing to risingdivorce rates and the breakdown of thetraditional family, and rejected feminist critiques of traditional forms of marriage, family, andfemininity.[32] In a 1988Public Affairs Quarterly article titled "Should the Academy Support Academic Feminism?", Sommers wrote that "the intellectual and moral credentials of academic feminism badly want scrutiny" and asserted that "the tactics used by academic feminists have all been employed at one time or another to further other forms of academic imperialism."[34][independent source needed] In articles titled "The Feminist Revelation" and "Philosophers Against the Family," which she published during the early 1990s, Sommers argued that many academic feminists were "radical philosophers" who sought dramatic social and cultural change—such as the abolition of the nuclear family—and thus revealed their contempt for the actual wishes of the "average woman."[35][36][37] These articles, which Friedman states are "marred by ambiguities, inconsistencies, dubious factual claims, misrepresentations of feminist literature, and faulty arguments",[32] would form the basis for Sommers' 1994 bookWho Stole Feminism?.[37]
Sommers has written articles forTime,[38]The Washington Post,The Wall Street Journal andThe New York Times.[39] She hosts a video blog calledThe Factual Feminist onYouTube.[40][41] Sommers created a video "course" for the conservative websitePragerU.[42]
Sommers has also appeared onRed Ice'swhite nationalist podcast Radio 3Fourteen.[29] Sommers later said that she did not know about the podcast prior to her appearance.[29]
InWho Stole Feminism?, Sommers outlines her distinction betweengender feminism,[a] which she regards as being the dominant contemporary approach to feminism, andequity feminism, which she presents as more akin tofirst-wave feminism. She uses the work to argue that contemporary feminism is too radical and disconnected from the lives of typical American women, presenting her equity feminism alternative as a better match for their needs.[44] Sommers describes herself as "a feminist who does not like what feminism has become".[45] She characterizes gender feminism as having transcended the liberalism of early feminists so that instead of focusing on rights for all, gender feminists view society through the sex/gender prism and focus on recruiting women to join the struggle against patriarchy.[46]Reason reviewedWho Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women and characterized gender feminism as the action of accenting the differences of genders in order to create what Sommers believes is privilege for women in academia, government, industry, or the advancement of personal agendas.[47][48]
In criticizing contemporary feminism, Sommers writes that an often-mentionedMarch of Dimes study, which says that "domestic violence is the leading cause of birth defects," does not exist and that violence against women does not peak during theSuper Bowl, which she describes as anurban legend. She argues that such statements about domestic violence helped shape theViolence Against Women Act, which initially allocated $1.6 billion a year in federal funds for ending domestic violence against women. Similarly, she argues[49] that feminists assert that approximately 150,000 women die each year fromanorexia, an apparent distortion of the American Anorexia and Bulimia Association's figure that 150,000 females have some degree of anorexia.[50][51]
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In 2000, Sommers publishedThe War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. In the book, Sommers challenged what she called the "myth of shortchanged girls" and the "new and equally corrosive fiction" that "boys as a group are disturbed."[52] Criticizing programs that had been set up in the 1980s to encourage girls and young women, largely in response to studies that had suggested that girls "suffered through neglect in the classroom and the indifference of male-dominated society,"[53] Sommers argued inThe War Against Boys that such programs were based on flawed research. She asserted that reality was quite the opposite: boys were a year and a half behind girls in reading and writing, and they were less likely to go to college.
She blamedCarol Gilligan as well as organizations such as theNational Organization for Women (NOW)[53] for creating a situation in which "boys are resented, both as the unfairly privileged sex and as obstacles on the path to gender justice for girls." According to Sommers, "a review of the facts shows boys, not girls, on the weak side of an education gender gap."[17][54]
The book received mixed reviews. In conservative publications such as theNational Review andCommentary,The War Against Boys was praised for its "stinging indictment of an anti-male movement that has had a pervasive influence on the nation's schools"[55] and for identifying "a problem in urgent need of redress."[56] Writing inThe New York Times, opinion columnistRichard Bernstein called it a "thoughtful, provocative book" and suggested that Sommers had made her arguments "persuasively and unflinchingly, and with plenty of data to support them."[57] Joy Summers, inThe Journal of School Choice, said that "Sommers' book and her public voice are in themselves a small antidote to the junk science girding our typically commonsense-free, utterly ideological national debate on 'women's issues'."[58]Publishers Weekly suggested that Sommers' conclusions were "compelling" and "deserve an unbiased hearing," while also noting that Sommers "descends into pettiness when she indulges in mudslinging at her opponents."[52] Similarly, a review inBooklist suggested that while Sommers "argues cogently that boys are having major problems in school," the book was unlikely to convince all readers "that these problems are caused by theAmerican Association of University Women,Carol Gilligan,Mary Pipher, and William S. Pollack," all of whom were strongly criticized in the book. Ultimately, the review suggested, "Sommers is as much of a crisismonger as those she critiques."[59]
In a review ofThe War Against Boys forThe New York Times,child psychiatristRobert Coles wrote that Sommers "speaks of our children, yet hasn't sought them out; instead she attends those who have, in fact, worked with boys and girls—and in so doing is quick to look askance at Carol Gilligan's ideas about girls, [William] Pollack's about boys." Much of the book, according to Coles, "comes across as Sommers's strongly felt war against those two prominent psychologists, who have spent years trying to learn how young men and women grow to adulthood in the United States."[17][60] Reviewing the book forThe New Yorker,Nicholas Lemann wrote that Sommers "sets the research bar considerably higher for the people she is attacking than she does for herself," using an "odd, ambushing style of refutation, in which she demands that data be provided to her and questions answered, and then, when the flummoxed person on the other end of the line stammers helplessly, triumphantly reports that she got 'em." Lemann faulted Sommers for accusing Gilligan of using anecdotal argument when her own book "rests on an anecdotal base" and for making numerous assertions that were not supported by the footnotes in her book.[61]
Writing inThe Washington Post, E. Anthony Rotundo stated that "in the end, Sommers ... does not show that there is a 'war against boys.' All she can show is that feminists are attacking her 'boys-will-be-boys' concept of boyhood, just as she attacks their more flexible notion." Sommers's title, according to Rotundo, "is not just wrong but inexcusably misleading... a work of neither dispassionatesocial science nor reflective scholarship; it is a conservativepolemic."[62]
In the updated and revised edition published in 2013, Sommers responded to her critics by changing the subtitle of the book fromHow misguided feminism harms our young men toHow misguided policies harm our young men, and provided new and updated statistics that position her earlier work, in her view, as prophetic.[63][independent source needed] When asked byMaclean's whether her work is still controversial, Sommers responded:
It was when I first wrote the book. At the time, women's groups promoted the idea that girls were second-class citizens in our schools. [...] David Sadker claimed that when boys call out answers in school, teachers are respectful and interested—whereas when girls do it, they are told to be quiet. [...] This became a showcase factoid of the shortchanged girl movement. But it turned out that the research behind the claim was nowhere to be found. It was a baseless myth: the result of advocacy research. I have looked at U.S. Department of Education data on more conventional measures: grades, college matriculation, school engagement, test scores. Now more than ever, you find that boys are on the wrong side of the gender gap.[64]
Sommers has served on the board of theWomen's Freedom Network,[27][65][66] a group formed as an alternative to "extremist, ideological feminism" as well as to "antifeminist traditionalism" but described by historian Debra L. Schultz as comprising mostly "conservative ideologues in thepolitical correctness debates".[27] In the 1990s, she was a member of theNational Association of Scholars, a conservative political advocacy group.[33] She is a member of the Board of Advisors of theFoundation for Individual Rights in Education.[67][independent source needed] She has served on the national advisory board of theIndependent Women's Forum[68] and theCenter of the American Experiment.[69]
Sommers has defended theGamergate harassment campaign, saying that its members were "just defending a hobby they love." This advocacy in favor of Gamergate earned her praise from members of themen's rights movement, inspiringfan art and the nickname "Based Mom", which Sommers embraced.[29] During Gamergate, Sommers appeared at several events withfar-rightpolitical commentatorMilo Yiannopoulos.[29]In 2019, Sommers endorsedAndrew Yang's campaign during the2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[70]
TheWomen's Political Caucus (NWPC) awarded Sommers with one of its twelve 2013 Exceptional Merit in Media Awards[71] for herThe New York Times article "The Boys at the Back."[72] In their description of the winners, NWPC states, "Author Christina Sommers asks whether we should allow girls to reap the advantages of a new knowledge based service economy and take the mantle from boys, or should we acknowledge the roots of feminism and strive for equal education for all?"[71]
Sommers marriedFred Sommers, the Harry A. Wolfson Chair in Philosophy at Brandeis University, in 1981.[17][73] He died in 2014.[74] Through Fred, her stepson isTamler Sommers; who is a philosopher and podcast host.[75][17][39][76]
Philosopher and educator Christina Hoff Sommers's principal work, Who Stole Feminism?, is an edgy invective against contemporary feminism as the author perceives it.
Christina Hoff Sommers attracted wide attention for her controversial 1994 book, Who Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women, an indictment of the contemporary feminist movement.
Christina Hoff Sommers, a former philosophy professor best known for her critiques of late-twentieth-century feminism.
Christina Hoff Sommers (1994) coined the termgender feminism in opposition toequity feminism.
The dominant philosophy of today's women's movement is not equity feminism--but "victim feminism."Hamilton College speech, 19 November 2008.
[W]hat is disquieting is how easily some third-wave concerns can be translated into a distinctly antifeminist agenda such as that put forward by Roiphe or by Hoff Sommers, all the while retaining the feminist name.
antifeminist (self-defined) feminists such as Shahrazad Ali, Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Wendy Kaminer, Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge, Katie Roiphe, Christina Hoff Sommers, and Naomi Wolf
Anti-feminist boy-crisis trailblazer Christina Hoff Sommers
In a series of papers which has recently appeared in several philosophical and general academic publications, Christina Sommers mounts a campaign against feminist philosophers and 'American feminism' in general.
[Sommers] is quite notorious among philosophers working in the area of feminism as the author of several articles, all quite similar in style and content, attacking feminism generally and certain feminist philosophers in particular.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)How did we come to believe in a picture of American boys and girls that is the opposite of the truth? .. The answer has much to do with one of the American academy's most celebrated women—Carol Gilligan
I am a white Jewish, cisgendered, hetero-normative, age-enhanced, middle-class female.
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